Memory

Question 1

What does coding mean in terms of memory?

Answer 1

How the information is stored.

Question 2

How is memory encoded in short term memory?

Answer 2

Acoustically.

Question 3

How is information encoded in long term memory?

Answer 3

Semantically.

Question 4

What does capacity refer to?

Answer 4

The volume of information that can be kept in any memory store at one time.

Question 5

What is the capacity of STM?

Answer 5

5 - 9 items.

Question 6

What is the capacity of LTM?

Answer 6

Unlimited.

Question 7

Who demonstrated the mean letter span was 7.3 and the mean digit span was 9.3?

Answer 7

Jacobs.

Question 8

What does duration mean in terms of memory?

Answer 8

The length of time information can be stored in each memory store.

Question 9

What is the duration of STM?

Answer 9

18 - 30 seconds.

Question 10

What is the duration of LTM?

Answer 10

Up to a lifetime.

Question 11

Bahrick et al (1975)

Answer 11

Found that photo recognition of graduating classmates of the 393 participants decreased from 90% to 70% between 15 years and 46 years of graduation.

Question 12

What is the multi-store model?

Answer 12

Represents how memory is stored, transferred between different stores, retrieved and forgotten.

Question 13

What are the 3 stores of the MSM?

Answer 13

The sensory store.
Short term memory.
Long term memory.

Question 14

When does maintenance rehearsal happen?

Answer 14

When we repeat new information to ourselves allowing the information to be kept in STM.

Question 15

What happens as a result of prolonged maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 15

Allows information to pass into LTM.

Question 16

What happens if there’s a lack of rehearsal?

Answer 16

Information is forgotten.

Question 17

What must happen in order to remember something from LTM?

Answer 17

Retrieval.

Question 18

What is retrieval?

Answer 18

When information is transferred back into the STM, and will continue to pass through the maintenance rehearsal loop afterwards.

Question 19

What are the three types of long term memory?

Answer 19

Procedural.
Episodic.
Semantic.

Question 20

What is episodic memory?

Answer 20

Describes memories that have some kind of personal meaning alongside details as to when and how these events occurred (+ associated people and places).

Question 21

What is semantic memory?

Answer 21

Memories of the world and associated language.

Question 22

What is procedural memory?

Answer 22

Memories of learnt skills such as swimming or driving.

Question 23

What types of LTM must be recalled consciously?

Answer 23

Semantic.

Episodic.

Question 24

Which types of LTM are recalled unconsciously?

Answer 24

Procedural.

Question 25

What does the working memory model suggest that the STM is made up of?

Answer 25

The central executive. Phonological loop. Episodic buffer. Visuospatial sketchpad.

Question 26

What is the central executive?

Answer 26

An ‘attentional process’ with a very limited processing capacity. Role is to allocate tasks to the 3 slave systems.

Question 27

What is the phonological loop?

Answer 27

Processes auditory information and allows maintenance rehearsal to take place.

Question 28

What is the phonological loop made up of?

Answer 28

``` Articulatory process (stores the words you hear) Phonological loop ```

Question 29

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 29

Combines the visual and spatial information processed by other stores giving a ‘complete image’.

Question 30

What is the visuospatial sketchpad made up of?

Answer 30

Inner scribe | Visual cache

Question 31

What is the episodic buffer?

Answer 31

Integrates all types of data processed by the other stores. | Crucial for linking STM to LTM.

Question 32

When does inference occur?

Answer 32

When the recall of one memory blocks the recall of another, causing forgetting or distorted perceptions of these memories.

Question 33

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 33

New memories block the recollection of old memories.

Question 34

What is proactive interference?

Answer 34

Old memories block the recollection of new memories.

Question 35

How was retroactive interference demonstrated by McGeoch and McDonald (1931)?

Answer 35

Participants were divided into 6 groups to recall different lists of words (synonyms, antonyms, unrelated words, 3 digit numbers, consonant syllables) or no new list (control group). Those who’d learnt the synonyms list experiences an average of 3.1 fewer correct items recalled, compared to the control group.

Question 36

What does McGeoch and McDonald (1931) support with their study?

Answer 36

The idea that the extent of forgetting is larger when the two memories or materials are very similar.