Memory Flashcards
(48 cards)
Define memory
the ability to take in information, store + recall it at a later time
What are the 3 stages of memory?
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
Describe the Atkinson + Shiffrin model
- external events + sensory input LEADS TO - sensory memory + attention to important info LEADS TO - long-term memory
What are the 3 main forms of memory storage?
- sensory
- short-term
- long-term
Why don’t we go blind when we blink?
we don’t notice the darkness bc of sensory memory
> our memory holds the image for a second while we blink
Why is iconic memory useful?
bc we have a continuous perception of the world
What does sensory memory do?
retains incoming perceptual info after the OG stimulus is gone
Describe the Sperling Partial Report experiment
> letters were presented in 3 rows
> a box appeared to indicate what row to report the letters from
Describe the results from the SPR experiment
- recall of 44%
- exposure time for stimulus = too brief for item rehearsal
- recall of each row = 100%
Give an example of real world intuition
- film movies are individual snapshots BUT we see a continuous image
Describe the Simon + Levin’s Change blindness study
- memory hold onto previous image during blank screen
- if the screen is too long, you won’t be able to compare the 2 images
What were the results of Simon + Levin’s change blindness study?
- only 2% of subjects notice the change
- they can’t hold on to the image of the experimenter (because the door interrupts + disrupts the memory)
What info does STM hold?
the info that we are currently processing
What keeps info active in STM?
rehearsal
How is info moved from STM into LTM?
- rehearsal: conscious repetition of info
- encoding: effortful processing to organise active info
STM is short w small capacity unless…
you rehearse to keep the info active
Describe the serial position effect
- order of words in a list influences the recall
- best recall = for the items last in the list
What is chunking? What is a chunk?
- organising information into smaller chunks
- chunks = a meaningful unit of information/material
Why is chunking useful?
because organised info is more easily recalled
What does chunking depend on?
- previous experience
EX. Abbreviations I use won’t be the same that others use
What did Chase & Ericsson do?
- SF expanded his STM from 7 digits to 80 digits
- SF encoded the digits as running times to remember them
Describe the chess experiment
- 2 groups: novice + expertise
- showed real + random chess boards w the same no. pieces
- if memory allowed us to remember chess pieces > then both groups should remember
What were the results of the chess experiment?
- experts have better memory than novices bc they could group the pieces together
Define forgetting
inability to retrieve info due to poor encoding, storage or retrieval
