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psychology > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

processes of memory

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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2
Q

Atkinson’s multistore model of memory

A

sensory
short term
long term

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3
Q

types of sensory

A

iconic

echoic

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4
Q

types of long term

A

declarative

procedural

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5
Q

encoding

A

process of putting information into a form which will allow it to fit in with your personal storage system (electrochemical code)

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6
Q

storage

A

keeping information in brain, storing in an organised way

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7
Q

retrieval

A

process of getting information back from memory

  • depends on the right cues so we can get to the correct location
  • spread over a huge population of cells throughout different regions of the brain
  • memories are rough copies rather than exact replicas
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8
Q

sensory memory

A
  • entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for a very brief period
  • transfers to short term memory if the person pays attention to it, where we become consciously aware of it
  • unlimited storage capacity
  • information is either lost due to decay (not being used) and displacement (being pushed out)
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9
Q

short term memory

A

limited store
actively conscious memory
information transferred to long term memory if it has been encoded

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10
Q

long term memory

A

virtually limitless capacity
needs retrieval to bring back into consciousness
permanent memory storage

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11
Q

atkinson shiffrin multi store model of memory

A

shows the flow of information; environmental input (information from our surroundings) enters short term memory if paid attention to; can enter long term memory (permanent storage of information) if rehearsed and encoded.

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12
Q

function of sensory memory

A
  • perceive the world as smooth and ongoing as possible

- prevents us from being overwhelmed by the huge amounts of incoming sensory information

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13
Q

sensory memory

A

information in environment is received by the senses

- unlimited capacity bu brief duration

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

visual sensory memory
0.3 seconds
unlimited capacity
fades rapidly

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

acoustic form of encoding
3-4 seconds
fades rapidly
unlimited capacity

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16
Q

short term memory

A

allows us to retain information for long enough to use it

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17
Q

short term memory as a whole

A
  • incoming sensory information and if sufficiently attended to then enters short term memory
  • draw information from long term memory to short term memory to evaluate and understand information we are working on now
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18
Q

duration and capacity of short term memory

A

duration: 12-30 seconds (no interference)
capacity: 5-9 pieces of information

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19
Q

when capacity of stm is reached

A

new information can only be put into stm by displacing existing information

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20
Q

interference

A

when new information enters stm and pushes out information that is in our immediate awareness

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21
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A
  • retain info (keep it in our immediate awareness)

- increases chances of it being moved to long term memory

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22
Q

methods of maintenance rehearsal

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A

verbal (using words)

non-verbal (using visuals or spatial awareness)

23
Q

verbal (using words)

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A

vocal - saying words out loud

sub-vocal - thinking words silently to one self

24
Q

non-verbal (using visuals or spatial awareness)

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A

visualising: keeping an image in one’s mind
muscular: imagining how it feels to perform an action

25
where is long term memory stored
semantic networks
26
duration and capacity of long term memory
duration: difficult to determine because sometimes they are thought to be 'forgotten' but with appropriate cues, will come back capacity: difficult to determine because 'forgetting' long term memory is due to poor retrieval cues rather than capacity limitations
27
2 types of long term
declarative | procedural
28
declarative
semantic | episodic
29
semantic memory
memory of facts or knowledge
30
episodic memory
personalised memories of events | autobiographical memory
31
declarative memory
memories of personal experiences (events) and facts
32
procedural memory
'how to' memories occurs after practice' resistance to forgetting
33
link between implicit and procedural
- memory for skills is largely unconscious | - these memories do not decline much
34
2 types of episodic memory
retrospective - remembering past events | prospective - remembering things to do in the future
35
implicit
unconscious retrieval of memories does not require intentional, deliberate recall procedural, motor learning and classical conditioning
36
explicit
conscious retrieval of memory (recall and recognition) declarative memory hippocampus
37
amygdala
- brain structure involved in implicit memory and emotional aspects of declarative memory (recognising emotions of faces) - forms long term implicit - procedural memories such as skill learning and classical conditioning - contributes to explicit/declarative memory consolidation
38
photographic memory
ability to form and recall sharp, detailed visual images of a picture after examining for a short amount of time
39
frontal lobes
- storage, processing and encoding procedural memories - episodic memories - memory for language (higher order thinking) and memory for motor skills tasks
40
occipital lobes
memories of pictures
41
parietal lobes
spatial awareness (awareness of oneself in space)
42
temporal lobes
memories for sound | memory for the names of colours
43
hippocampus
forming explicit memories integrates information from a number of brain areas to form a single declarative memory that it transfers to long term memory (relay station between STM and LTM) consolidating and retrieving long term declarative memories - does not permanently store the memories itself
44
basal ganglia
- long term procedural memory | - movement
45
cerebellum
- encoding, processing and temporary storing procedural implicit memories - classical conditioned responses (implicit memory) - memory of motor skills tasks
46
role of hippocampus
- these cells are able to reproduce and enable new memories to form - forming and consolidating explicit memory and memory of complex tasks that require declarative memory - establishing the background or context for new memories such as location and situation - transfers declarative memory to other relevant parts of the brain for permanent storage as ltm (such as cerebral cortex)
47
role of amygdala
- formation of implicit memories (classical conditioning and emotional memory)
48
hippocampal damage
- hippocampus is responsible for explicit memory consolidation (declarative memories like general knowledge or personal experiences); so if this is damaged, they are still able to learn and remember procedural information such as motor skills or habits but cannot remember actually performing them. - fail to consolidate memories but could still have procedural memories
49
cerebral cortex
- formation and storage of implicit and explicit memories - long term declarative memories stored in different cortical areas - procedural memories tend to be stored in frontal lobes
50
memory
- consisting of a collection of interconnected and interacting systems - encoding, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning
51
decay in STM
information is not renewed (e.g. through repetition) and simply fades away with the passage of time
52
chunking
- grouping of separate bits of information into a larger single unit of information to increase capacity of STM
53
when retrieving explicit memories
- hippocampus will enable you to remember details of the memory such as where and when the event happened - amygdala remember the emotional arousal content and sympathetic nervous system reactions that have been linked to the memory may be initiated; such as your muscles may tighten, heart may beat faster.

psychology (18 decks)

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