Memory, Emotion, and Attitude Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What are the three main processes of memory?
A
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
2
Q
automatic processing
A
Memories encoded without conscious effort
3
Q
controlled processing
A
Memories encoded with intentional focus
4
Q
What is the spacing effect?
A
an encoding stragety that suggests that spaced repetition enhances long-term retention.
5
Q
method of loci
A
mentally placing items one wants to remember in specific, familiar locations
6
Q
self-reference effect
A
associating information with oneself to improve encoding
7
Q
chunking
A
Organizing elements into more memorable categories
8
Q
sensory memory
A
a quick collection of information from your senses
9
Q
What are the two types of sensory memory?
A
Iconic Memory, Echoic Memory
10
Q
short-term memory (STM)
A
temporarily holds information for processing.
11
Q
List the components of working memory
A
- Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Phonological Loop
- Episodic Buffer
12
Q
long-term memory (LTM)
A
the final stage in the memory process, where information is retained for extended periods.
13
Q
What is implicit memory?
A
stores info that is automatically recalled
14
Q
What is procedural memory?
A
Carries out procedures without conscious recall of steps
15
Q
What is explicit memory?
A
requires conscious effort to retrieve information
16
Q
What are the types of explicit memory?
A
- Episodic Memory
- Semantic Memory
- Autobiographical Memory
17
Q
episodic memory
A
contains info about ones past experiences and events
18
Q
semantic memory
A
stores facts/concepts unrelated to personal experiences
19
Q
What is autobiographical memory?
A
combines episodic and semantic memories to create a personal life record
20
Q
What are the 2 forms of LTM?
A
implicit and explicit memory
21
Q
True or false: method of loci, controlled processing, and chunking are mnemonic devices
A
false
method of loci, self-reference effect, and chunking are mnemonic devices
22
Q
Which type of memory has the shortest retention time? A. sensory memory, B. STM, C. LTM
A
A. sensory memory
23
Q
________ memory pertains to visual images, while ________ memory pertains to sounds.
A
iconic; echoic
24
Q
________ memory stores info for ~30 seconds, with limited capacity (5-9 items)
A
STM
25
True or False: working memory is stored indefinitely and can be recalled on demand
false
## Footnote
LTM
26
which form of working memory allows one to manipulate the visual appearance of info and its spatial location?
visuospatial sketchpad
27
True or false: automatic processing allows one to manipulate verbal/written info
False
## Footnote
Phonological loop
28
_______ helps to create mental timelines to understand to order events occur in
Episodic buffer
29
True or False: Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory.
True
30
What type of memory would you use to remember your last vacation?
Episodic memory
31
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of episodic memory? A) Knowing the capital of France B) Remembering your first day of school C) Recognizing a familiar face
B) Remembering your first day of school
32
True or False: Episodic memory can be improved with practice and strategies.
True
33
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an episodic memory? A) A wedding you attended B) A song you like C) A family vacation
B) A song you like
34
True or False: Semantic memory is responsible for remembering personal experiences.
False
35
Which of the following is an example of semantic memory? A) Remembering your last birthday party B) Knowing that water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius
B) Knowing that water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius
36
True or False: Autobiographical memory is limited to only significant life events.
False
37
Which brain region is primarily associated with the retrieval of autobiographical memories?
The medial prefrontal cortex
38
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the function of autobiographical memory?
A) It helps in learning new information.
B) It allows individuals to recall personal life events.
C) It is used solely for social interactions.
D) It is unrelated to emotional processing.
B) It allows individuals to recall personal life events.
39
What type of memory is responsible for holding information temporarily for immediate use?
Short-term memory
40
True or False: Long-term memory can store information indefinitely.
True
41
Which type of memory is associated with skills and tasks, such as riding a bike?
Procedural memory
42
Multiple Choice: Which type of memory is primarily concerned with the retention of information over long periods? A) Short-term memory B) Long-term memory C) Sensory memory
B) Long-term memory
43
Fill in the blank: __________ memory is the type of memory that allows us to remember how to perform tasks without conscious thought.
Implicit
44
memory retrieval
The process of recalling or accessing information stored in memory.
45
True or False: Memory retrieval is only possible for information that has been consciously learned.
False
46
Fill in the blank: The two main types of memory retrieval are __________ and __________.
recall, recognition
47
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
Recall involves retrieving information without cues, while recognition involves identifying information with the help of cues.
48
Which type of memory retrieval is often used in multiple-choice tests?
Recognition
49
True or False: Context can influence memory retrieval.
True
50
What is the encoding specificity principle?
The idea that memory retrieval is most effective when the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding.
51
What is a common technique to enhance memory retrieval?
Using mnemonic devices.
52
What role do cues play in memory retrieval?
Cues help trigger the recall of stored information.
53
True or False: Stress can negatively impact memory retrieval.
True
54
context dependent memories
Retrieved when external environment is similar to the environment where that memory was encoded
55
What is the difference between short-term and long-term memory retrieval?
Short-term memory retrieval is quick and limited, while long-term memory retrieval is slower but can access more extensive information.
56
State dependent memories
Retrieved one one's internal state is similar to the state when the memory was encoded
57
What is the difference between primacy effect and recency effect?
Primacy effect is the tendency to have better recall of the primary items in a list, while recency effect is a tendency to have better recall of the most recent items in a list
58
True or false: the serial position effect combines the primary/recency effect and the best recall for the middle of the list
false
## Footnote
the serial position effect has the worst record for the middle of the list
59
Semantic networks
Related ideas that are organize together in memory storage
60
How does spreading activation relates to semantic networks?
The retrieval of one piece of info leads to retrieval of others in the same semantic net work
61
What is memory error?
A memory error is a mistake in recalling or recognizing information that was previously encoded and stored.
62
True or False: Memory errors can occur during the encoding, storage, or retrieval phases of memory.
True
63
Fill in the blank: The phenomenon where a person remembers something that did not happen is known as _____.
false memory
64
What is the term for the gradual loss of memories, often associated with aging?
memory decline
65
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of memory error? A) Omission B) Commission C) Retention D) Distortion
C) Retention
66
What is the primary cause of retrieval failure in memory?
Inadequate or missing retrieval cues.
67
True or False: All memory errors are a result of faulty encoding.
False
68
True or false: intrusion errors are the tendency of outside info to color memories
false
## Footnote
misinformation effect
69
Which memory suggests that a recall of events is influenced by expectation imagination perception and other cognitive processes?
reconstructive memory
70
What is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference?
Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with new learning, while retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.
71
Multiple choice: Which type of amnesia involves the inability to form new memories? A) Retrograde Amnesia B) Anterograde Amnesia C) Dissociative Amnesia D) Transient Global Amnesia
B) Anterograde Amnesia
72
What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
The hippocampus is crucial for the formation and consolidation of new memories.
73
True or False: Memory errors can be influenced by suggestion or misinformation.
True
74
Fill in the blank: The inability to remember events that occurred before a traumatic event is known as _____.
retrograde amnesia
75
flashbulb memories
A type of memory error that's vivid, but an inaccurate recall of significant events
76
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common technique to improve memory retention? A) Multitasking B) Spaced repetition C) Cramming D) Passive reading
B) Spaced repetition
77
What is a mnemonic device?
A mnemonic device is a memory aid that uses associations, acronyms, or visual imagery to help recall information.
78
True or False: Memory loss can be a symptom of certain medical conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease.
True
79
Reproductive memory
The accurate recall of past events
80
______ occurs when multiple similar memories get mixed together
Intrusion errors
81
Which type of memory error occurs when can accurately recall a piece of info, but not the source?
Source monitoring errors
82
What causes both forms of amnesia due to a thiamine deficiency because of alcoholism?
Korsakoff's syndrome
83
Amnesia
a significant amount of memory capacity is lost due to injury or disease
84
What are the three emotional responses?
Physiological, cognitive, and behavioral
85
Physiological response
The body's automatic reaction to a specific feeling
86
True or false: sweating when scared is an example of a physiological response
true
87
Cognitive response
How one interprets an emotional experience
88
Behavioral response
Facial expressions and body language that result from an emotion
89
Who proposed the universal emotions?
Paul Ekman
90
What are the seven universal emotions?
Contempt, happiness, anger, discuss, surprise, fear, and sadness
## Footnote
Chad surfs
91
Who proposed that emotions evolve to influence behavior for natural selection?
Charles Darwin
92
which theory suggests that when someone is exposed to a stimulus, they have a physiological response and then an internal response?
James-Lange theory
93
True or false: the Cannon-Bard theory suggests that one interprets their environment based on their past experiences
false
## Footnote
Lazarus theory
94
_______ theory suggests that one first interpretive physiological response before having feelings
Schachter-Singer Theory
95
Which theory suggests that one experiences physiological and internal responses at the same time?
Cannon-Bard theory
96
What are the three parts of the ABC model?
affective, behavioral, and cognitive
97
What are the differences between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components?
the affective component describes feelings, behavioral component describes actions, and cognitive component describes thoughts
98
functional attitudes theory
Proposes that expressing attitudes has 4 specific purposes to help people survive and thrive
99
which functional attitude organizes thoughts and predicts behavior?
knowledge function
100
Which functional attitude describes fitting in with societal norms?
Adaptive function
101
What is the difference between ego expressive and ego defensive function?
Ego experience expressive function involves communicating personal identity through attitudes and ego defensive function involves protecting self-esteem with expressed attitudes
102
Elaboration likelihood model
Describes how attitudes change based on how info is processed
103
What are the two pathways of the elaboration likelihood model?
Central and peripheral routes
104
What is the difference between central and peripheral routes regarding the elaboration likelihood model?
Info is processed via central route when is interested on a topic in a topic, while info is processed via peripheral route when one is an uninterested in a topic
105
Which theory proposes that attitudes are formed by watching others reactions?
Social cognitive theory
106
Which theory proposes that attitudes formed through direct experience or being taught from others?
learning theory
