Learning

Question 1

associative learning

Answer 1

association forms between 2 events (behavior and reward/punishment)

Question 2

What are the two main types of Non-associative Learning?

Answer 2

habituation and sensitization

Question 3

observational learning

Answer 3

learning by “observing” others

Question 4

unconditioned stimuli

Answer 4

occurs automatically and is innate

Question 5

neutral stimuli

Answer 5

does not produce a response

Question 6

conditioned stimuli

Answer 6

occurs automatically and is learned

Question 7

acquisition

Answer 7

connecting neutral stimuli w/ unconditioned stimuli

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

conditioned stimulus weakens conditioned response

Question 9

spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

response randomly reappears after extinction

Question 10

What is the difference between Discrimination and Generalization?

Answer 10

in discrimination, one doesn’t respond to similar stimuli, while in generalization one does

Question 11

True or false: primary reinforcers are learned, while secondary reinforcers are innately desired

Answer 11

false

primary reinforcers are innately desired, while secondary reinforcers are learned

Question 12

positive reinforcement _____ behavior, while positive punishment ______ unwanted behavior

Answer 12

promotes; prevents

Question 13

negative reinforcement _____ behavior, while negative punishment
_____ behavior

Answer 13

increases; decreases

Question 14

What are the types of Reinforcement Schedules?

Answer 14

continuous, partial, interval-based, and ratio-based schedules

Question 15

What is Shaping in the context of operant conditioning?

Answer 15

reinforcing steps toward a target response

Question 16

avoidance learning

Answer 16

one becomes conditioned to avoid unpleasant stimuli

Question 17

escape learning

Answer 17

one becomes conditioned to stop an unpleasant stimulus

Question 18

what are the 2 types of associative learning?

Answer 18

classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Question 19

True or false: avoidance learning serves (-) reinforcement

Answer 19

false

escape learning

Question 20

True or false: habituation is when the response to a stimulus lessens the more one is exposed to it

Answer 20

true

Question 21

True or false: reinforcement is when one becomes more responsive to a stimulus the more times they are exposed to it

Answer 21

false

sensitization

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A) Receiving a paycheck B) Getting a speeding ticket

Answer 22

A) Receiving a paycheck

Question 23

True or False: In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves adding a negative consequence.

Answer 23

False

In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior.

Question 24

What type of conditioning involves the use of consequences to modify behavior?

Answer 24

Operant conditioning

Question 25

Fill in the blank: In classical conditioning, the __________ response is an automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 25

unconditioned

Question 26

Which psychologist is most closely associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 26

Ivan Pavlov

Question 27

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A) Giving a child candy for cleaning their room B) Removing a loud noise when a button is pressed C) Complimenting a student for good grades

Answer 27

B) Removing a loud noise when a button is pressed

Question 28

True or False: Positive reinforcement always involves giving something desirable.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Fill in the blank: In negative reinforcement, a behavior is strengthened by the removal of __________.

Answer 29

an unpleasant stimulus

Question 30

What is the primary goal of using negative reinforcement?

Answer 30

To increase the likelihood of a desired behavior by removing an adverse condition.

Question 31

True or False: Negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.

Answer 31

False

Question 32

Which scenario illustrates positive reinforcement? A) A student studies hard and receives an A on the exam B) A dog is scolded for barking C) A parent takes away a toy from a child for misbehavior

Answer 32

A) A student studies hard and receives an A on the exam

Question 33

What type of reinforcement is involved when a student is allowed to leave class early for good behavior?

Answer 33

Negative reinforcement

Question 34

True or False: Negative punishment involves adding a desirable stimulus.

Answer 34

False

Question 35

Fill in the blank: Taking away a teenager's phone for breaking curfew is an example of __________.

Answer 35

negative punishment

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT an example of positive punishment? A) Spanking B) Adding chores C) Ignoring bad behavior

Answer 36

C) Ignoring bad behavior

Question 37

True or False: Positive punishment always leads to long-term behavior change.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

What is one potential drawback of using positive punishment?

Answer 38

It may lead to fear or aggression.

Question 39

Which type of punishment is typically more effective in the long term?

Answer 39

Negative punishment

Question 40

A group of deer moves from the forest into a suburban neighborhood. Initially, the deer avoid humans, but over time they increasingly ignore the presence of people until they eventually behave the same whether or not humans are present. This is an example of which type of learning?

Answer 40

Habituation

Question 41

Which reinforcement schedule is often most effective at increasing a target response?

Answer 41

Variable-ratio schedule