memory flashcards paper 1 completed

Question 1

what are the three types of long term memory

Answer 1

semantic
procedural
episodic

Question 2

what is semantic memory

Answer 2

storing info about world
meaning of words, general knowledge ‘ london is the capital of england’
involves conscious thought
not time stamped, don’t remember when it was learnt
must have conscious thought- declarative, not autobiographical

Question 3

what is procedural memory

Answer 3

how to do things
doesn’t involve conscious thought
not time stamped
how to ride bike, tie shoe lace
implicit memory- performint tasks without thought, motor skills
non declarative
not autobiographical

Question 4

what is episodic memory

Answer 4

storing information about events
episodes experienced in life
involved conscious thoughts
influenced by emotion
autobiographical, non declarative

Question 5

what are the two explanations for forgetting

Answer 5

retrieval failure
interference explanation

Question 6

what are the two types of interference

Answer 6

pro active interference and retroactive interference

Question 7

what is pro active interference

Answer 7

old disrupts new
- underwood findings study, found participants less able to learn words presented later in a lift to those words earlier

Question 8

what is retroactive interference

Answer 8

new disrupts old
-mcgeogh and mcdonald demonstrated by retroactive interference in study
had participants learn list of words until they kew it, learnt new similar list of words, forgetting original material in greater intervening items

Question 9

what is tulvings retrieval failure theory

Answer 9

explanations for forgetting in ltm as an inability to access new info, due to lack of cues
cues have to be present for recall
retrieval failure not able to access memories

• encoding specificity principle, info better recalled when encoded and retrieved in same place, and same state of mind, forgetting occurs to lack of cues in new environment or different psychological state to when encoded

Question 10

what is tulvings encoding specificity principle

Answer 10

info better recalled when encoded and retrieved in same place, and same state of mind, forgetting occurs to lack of cues in new environment or different psychological state to when encoded

Question 11

what are the two types of retrieval failure

Answer 11

1. state dependent forgetting, mood or physiological state is different to mood when you were learning, forgetting internal environment
2. context dependent forgetting
   different environment to recall, different from environment to when learning, forgetting to external environment

Question 12

multi store model a01

Answer 12

atkinson and shiffrin - 3 memories stores, linked through attention and rehearsal, information flows through a memory system

sensory store – STM— LTM

Question 13

how is memory in the sensory register passed to the STM

Answer 13

through attention

Question 14

how is information lost in sensory store

Answer 14

lost through decay

Question 15

how is memory lost in the short term memory

Answer 15

displacement of decay

Question 16

how it information passed from the short term memory to long term memory

Answer 16

rehearsal

Question 17

how is memory lost from LTM

Answer 17

decay retrieval failure or interference

Question 18

sensory register duration, coding and capacity

Answer 18

0.25 seconds
large capacity

coding
echoic- auditory
iconic- visual
haptic- tactile
gustatory- taste
olfactory - smell

Question 19

short term memory capacity, coding and duration

Answer 19

acts as buffer between sensory memory and LTM

18 seconds
5-9 bits

coding acoustic

Question 20

capacity, coding and duration of long term memory

Answer 20

unlimited capacity
lifetime duration
semantic coding

Question 21

research into capacity of short term memory

Answer 21

Jacobs
digit span technique
read series of digits which gets longer
individual asked to repeat digits in right order, ppts recall 7+/-2 digits
limited capacity new info displaces old

miller found it can be longer from chunking

Question 22

research into the duration of the short term memory

Answer 22

18 seconds
peterson and peterson
not allowing rehearsal - lab experiment, gives nonsence triagram, keb, leb, tob,
asked to count back in 3s for 18s
then ask to count back in 3s for 18s
asked to recall

3s recall 80%
6s recall 50%
18s- recall >10%
= lost if not rehearsed

Question 23

research into coding in short term memory

Answer 23

acoustic
baddelet
75 participants and one or 2 word list was given
A- acoustically similar - performed worse
B- acoustically dissimilar- performed better
given list with words had to put in order

A- cat, lap, hat, bap,tap
B- phone, door, table, nail, pen

Question 24

research into duration of long term memory

Answer 24

bahrick
USA ppts age 17-74 given recall test
list of names, graduating class
photo recognition and name recognition

recognition was better than recall, cues

Question 25

research into coding in LTM

Answer 25

bahrick coding 20 min interval list C semantically similar list d- semantically dissimilar similar meaning = poorly recalled coding is semantic

Question 26

research into duration of sensory register

Answer 26

sperling 3x4 letters on grid flashed 1/20th a second ppts recall letters in a row sound tones high, medium, low 1st 2nd 3rd recall close to 100% after waiting

Question 27

what are the three factors affecting eye witness testimony

Answer 27

1. misleading information 2. post event discussion 3. anxiety

Question 28

misleading information 2 types

Answer 28

1. leading questions - q's increase likelihood on individuals schema influence and give desired answer 2. post event discussion - added to memory false memories stimulated by misleading post event experiences

Question 29

experiment into the effects of leading questions

Answer 29

loftus and palmer participants estimate speed of cars in accidents witnessed on video could be influenced by misleading questions 45 university students road accident film asked what happened like eye witnesses 'how fast were the card going when they___' verb changed 5, hit(34), collided(39), bumped(38), smashed(41), contacted (32) findings- misleading questions have effect on ewt

Question 30

research into post event discussion

Answer 30

gabbert et al witness discuss event about pick up details memory conformity - studied ppts in pairs -each ppts watched video of crime at different angle discussed what they saw after control group worked alone 71% repeated aspects they couldn't have seen control group 0% recalled wrong do this to win social approval as they believe others are right and they are wrong

Question 31

research into anxiety on eye witness testimony brief

Answer 31

whether it makes it better or worse johnson and scott anxiety negative effect (discussion - pen grease, heated conversation, bloody knife) yuille and cutshall positive effect shooting, shop owner

Question 32

johnson and scotts research into factors affecting eye witness testimony

Answer 32

anxiety - negative effect effect of presence of a weapon Group 1- overheard discussion in lab about experiment failure person emerged with pen and grease on hands group 2; overheard heated and hostile situation, sound of breaking glass and crashing chairs, person emerged with bloody knife all given 50 photos to recall it was g1=49% and g2=33%

Question 33

yuille and cutshalls research into factors affecting eye witness testimony

Answer 33

anxiety positive effect on ewt crime creates arousal fight or flight response study on real shooting in canada shop owner shot dead by theif 21 witnesses, 13 took part in study 5 months after incident accuracy= impressive 88% accuracy compared to low stress group 75% asked to rate on scale 1-7 how stressed they were, number of details recalled used to measure accuracy

Question 34

cognitive interview a01

Answer 34

geisleman et al developed to enhance the accuracy of recall based on encoding specificity hypothesis 4 main principles 1. context reinstatement ( visualise self in setting of incident, environmental and emotional factors 2. report everything - all minor details start to finish, even if irrelevent as it may not be to researcher cue dependent and context: 3. changing the perspective- from different perspective recall, ie bus stop, improve recall, studies show memory can be recalled in different routes 4. reverse the order- backwards to forwards

Question 35

context reinstatement - cognitive interview

Answer 35

( visualise self in setting of incident, environmental and emotional factors

Question 36

report everything - cognitive interview

Answer 36

all minor details start to finish, even if irrelevent as it may not be to researcher

Question 37

changing the perspective - cognitive interview

Answer 37

from different perspective recall, ie bus stop, improve recall, studies show memory can be recalled in different routes

Question 38

reverse the order- cognitive interview

Answer 38

recall backwards to forwards, improve memory recall by different route, recall more recent events than others

Question 39

who created the working memory model and what is the belief

Answer 39

baddely and hitch believed stm active processer of information, not a unitary store, central executive, 3 slave systems

Question 40

what is the central executive

Answer 40

filters info in and out processes sensory info limited capacity - one strand info decision making problem solving use for demanding tasks

Question 41

what is the visio spatial sketchpad

Answer 41

relationship between visual and spatial information what items are and where they are visual codes- navigation, internal image information rehearsed, encoded through inner eye (supported by tasks baddely and hitch, tracking light and describing shape of letter f, visual and verbal task at the same time) shows separate store

Question 42

what is phonological loop

Answer 42

rehearsal system of msm limited capacity 2 seconds preserved order of information heard 1. articulatory process (active rehearsal, words being prepared to speak are held, inner voice) 2. primary acoustic store (passive store that stores words head (inner ear)

Question 43

what is the episodic buffer

Answer 43

temporary info store, introduced in 2000s integrates visual, spatial, verbal maintaining sense of time sequency (record events) storage component of CE, limited capacity of 4 chunks (baddeley) links with LTM working memory model and wider chunks