Memory (Human Neuro)

Question 1

Damage to which areas affects episodic memory?

Answer 1

Medial temporal lobe (H.M) and ventral pre-frontal cortex (M.L) and uncinate fasciculus.

Question 2

What is autonoetic awareness? What type of memory is related to?

Answer 2

It is our ability to put ourselves in the present or future. And it is related to episodic memory

Question 3

What areas are implicated in semantic memory?

Answer 3

Frontal and temporal regions next to the areas involved in episodic memory

Question 4

Due to the cases of K.C and H.M, which areas seem to NOT be involved in semantic memory?

Answer 4

Ventral prefrontal lobe and medial temporal lobe

Question 5

What are the two major pathways for the hippocampus?

Answer 5

Perforant pathway and fimbria fornix

Question 6

What are the two gyri that the hippocampus is made up of?

Answer 6

Ammon’s horn (pyramidal cells) and dentate gryrus (granule cells)

Question 7

What are pyramidal and granule cells responsible for?

Answer 7

Memory retrieval and processing

Question 8

What are the two areas of the temporal cortex?

Answer 8

Perirhinal cortex and endorhinal cortex

Question 9

What are the functions of the perirhinal cortex and endorhinal cortex?

Answer 9

Main pathways used to deliver info to hippocampus
Responsible for object recognition

Question 10

Damage to right temporal lobe causes…

Answer 10

impairs memory of non-verbal content

Question 11

Damage to left temporal lobe causes…

Answer 11

impaired memory of verbal material

Question 12

So, when we know that the frontal cortex is involved in episodic memory. What part of memory processing is the right prefrontal cortex and left prefrontal cortex responsible for?

Answer 12

Left prefrontal cortex - MORE involved in encoding
Right prefrontal cortex - MORE involved in retrieval

Question 13

Knowing the function of the right and left prefrontal cortex, damage in each of these areas causes…

Answer 13

Damage to left prefrontal cortex - affects making new memories and recall
Damage right prefrontal cortex - affects recall

Question 14

Why does implicit memory not require higher-level cortical processing?

Answer 14

It is unconscious and unintentional type of memory

Question 15

What is the key main structure in emotional response?

Answer 15

Amygdala

Question 16

Damage to amygdala impacts what kind of memory?

Answer 16

Emotional memory

Question 17

Emotional experiences activate both _______ and ________ systems

Answer 17

hormonal, brain

Question 18

What pathways does short-term memory involve?

Answer 18

Dorsal (motor/spatial) and ventral (object-recognition) streams of sensory processing.

Question 19

In regards to short-term memory, damage to the posterior-temporal regions causes…

Answer 19

inability to repeat verbal content

Question 20

Where do cholinergic cells project from and to?

Answer 20

Project from basal forebrain to frontal and temporal lobes

Question 21

Where do serotonergic cells project from and to?

Answer 21

From midbrain to limbic system and throughout cortex

Question 22

What does the MOCA (assessment) assesses ?

Answer 22

Cognitive functioning decline in adults

Question 23

Explicit memory

Answer 23

Conscious and intentional memory of events and facts.

Question 24

What purpose does our episodic memory serve?

Answer 24

Provides a sense of continuity or autonoetic awareness, and guides our future behaviour.

Question 25

Which brain areas are involved with long-term memory?

Answer 25

Parietal lobe, posterior temporal lobe and occipital cortices

Question 26

What are the main brain areas involved in implicit memory?

Answer 26

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, amygdala and motor cortex

Question 27

What are the main brain areas involved in explicit memory?

Answer 27

Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex

Question 28

Emotional memory involves...

Answer 28

stimuli and events that have emotional components

Question 29

Brain areas associated with emotional memory

Answer 29

Amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 30

What does short-term memory do?

Answer 30

Maintains information in our brain for a short-period of time

Question 31

Explain how short-term memory is relate to streams of sensory processing

Answer 31

Involved in object-recognition (ventral stream) stream and motor/spatial (dorsal) stream

Question 32

Damage to posterior-temporal region....

Answer 32

causes inability to repeat stimuli.

Question 33

What is profound amnesia?

Answer 33

Severe memory loss that impacts person's ability to learn and remember

Question 34

Damage to cholinergic and serotonergic cells cause....

Answer 34

profound amnesia

Question 35

What type of cells is associated with memory loss in Alzeihmer's disease?

Answer 35

Cholinergic cells

Question 36

What are the rare amnesia forms?

Answer 36

Fugue state, anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, time-dependent retrograde amnesia

Question 37

Why could fugue state happen?

Answer 37

It could be due to TEMPORARY suppression of medial temporal lobe memory systems

Question 38

What is transient global amnesia?

Answer 38

Unable to make new memories and does not remember past memories as well. And it is sudden as well.

Question 39

What is herpes simplex encephalitis?

Answer 39

May be unable to remember information from part of their life history. This condition can be related to temporal damage, but it does involve the insula. The insula access memories that are stored and damages them.

Question 40

Alzheimer's disease

Answer 40

First experiences anterograde amnesia and then retrograde amnesia follows. It begins by impacting the medial temporal lobe and then affecting other brain regions.

Question 41

What is Korsakoff's syndrome?

Answer 41

It happens to long-term alcoholics and occurs due to vitamin B deficiency. It consists of 6 major systems: confabulation, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, inability to have a good quality conversation, lack of insight and apathy (loss of pleasure).

Question 42

What brain areas are impacted by Korsakoff's syndrome?

Answer 42

Due to anterograde amnesia -- there's damage to medial temporal cortex Due to retrograde amnesia - there's damage to temporal association and frontal cortical areas.

Question 43

What are the memory abilities?

Answer 43

Savant syndrome and superior autobiographical memory

Question 44

Savant syndrome

Answer 44

Individuals with a developmental or intellectual disabilities show an exceptional memory. But, have trouble understanding simple things

Question 45

Superior Autobiographical memory

Answer 45

Able to recall events in a very detailed and complete manner. They show increased grey matter in temporal and parietal lobe (more fiber projections between them).