memory key terms Flashcards
(26 cards)
1
Q
short-term memory (STM)
A
- limited capacity memory store
- coding is acoustic (sounds)
- capacity between 5 and 9 (7 +/- 2)
- duration about 18 seconds
2
Q
long-term memory (LTM)
A
- permanent memory store
- coding is semantic
- unlimited capacity
- memories can last for up to a lifetime
3
Q
coding
A
- format in which info is stored in various memory stores
4
Q
capacity
A
- amount of info that can be held in a memory store
5
Q
duration
A
- length of time info can be held in memory
6
Q
multi-store model (MSM)
A
- representation of how memory works
- 3 stores > sensory register, short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM)
- describes how info is transferred from one store to another, what makes some memories last/disappear
7
Q
sensory regsiter
A
- store for our 5 senses
- vision = iconic store
- hearing = echoic store
- coding in iconic SR is visual, in echoic SR is acoustic
- capacity of SR is huge (millions of receptors)
- info lasts for short time (less than half a second)
8
Q
episodic memory
A
- LTM store for personal events
- includes when, people, objects, places and behaviours
- consciously retrieved
9
Q
semantic memory.
A
- LTM store for knowledge of world
- includes facts and knowledge of what words and concepts mean
- recalled deliberatelt
10
Q
procedural memory
A
- LTM store for knowledge of how to do things
- includes learned skills
- recall without conscious/deliberate effort
11
Q
working memory model (WMM)
A
- representation of STM
- suggests STM is a dynamic processor of different types of info using sub-units co-ordinated by a central decision-making system
12
Q
central executive (CE)
A
- co-ordinates activities of 3 subsystems
- allocates processing resources to those
13
Q
phonological loop (PL)
A
- processes info in terms of sound
- includes written and spoken material
- divided into phonological store and articulatory process
14
Q
visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS)
A
- processes visual and spatial info in a mental space called ‘inner eye’
15
Q
episodic buffer (EB)
A
- brings together material from other subsystems into a single memory rather than separate strands
- provides bridge between WM and LTM
16
Q
interference
A
- forgetting
- one memory blocks another
- causes memories to be distorted/forgotten
17
Q
proactive interference (PI)
A
- forgetting occurs when older memories disrupt recall of newer ones
- degree of forgetting is greater when memories are similar
18
Q
retroactive interference (RI)
A
- forgetting occurs when newer memories disrupt recall of older ones
- degree of forgetting is greater when memories are similar
19
Q
retrieval failure
A
- form of forgetting
- occurs with lack of necessary cues to access memory
- memory is available, but not accessible unless necessary cue provided
20
Q
retrieval failure.
A
- trigger of info allowing access to a memory
- may be meaningful or indirectly linked by being encoded at time of learning
- indirect cues may be external (environmental) or internal (mood)
21
Q
retrieval failure.
A
- ability for people to remember the details of events such as crimes
- observed themself
- accuracy of EWT affected by factors like misleading info and anxiety
22
Q
retrieval failure.
A
- incorrect info given to EW after event
- take many forms such as leading questions and post-event discussion between co-witnesses or other people
23
Q
retrieval failure.
A
- suggests certain answer due to how it’s phrased
24
Q
retrieval failure.
A
- occurs when there’s more than one EW to an event
- EWs may discuss what they saw with co-witnesses or other people
- may influence accuracy of each EWs recall of event
25
retrieval failure
- state of emotional/physical arousal
- emotions include worries thoughts and feelings of tension
- physical changes include increased HR and sweatiness
- can affect accuracy of EWT
26
cognitive interview (CI)
- method of interview to help EW retrieve more accurate memories
- 4 techniques
— report everything
— reinstate context
— reverse the order
— change perspective
