Memory Review Flashcards
(53 cards)
what is *encoding?
encoding is the process of transforming the info received thru our senses into a lasting memory
What is semantic encoding?
semantic encoding is characterized by relating new info to previous knowledge in a meaningful way
What is visual imagery encoding?
visual imagery encoding also relates new info to previous knowledge, but features both a visual/verbal placeholder
What is organizational encoding?
organizational encoding is a process of finding relationships between items to make them easier to retrieve
What is sensory storage?
sensory memory/ storage holds info for a second or two
How does rehearsal / chunking aid in short term memory?
*Rehearsal helps keep memories in short-term storage
*chunking combines information into a single, meaningful item
What is working memory?
working memory is the active maintenance of info in short-term storage, where information is retained for abt 15 to 20 seconds
Describe the model of working memory
A model of working memory includes the subsystems (visuo-spatial/ phonological loop)
as well as episodic buffer that integrates information, and the central executive that coordinates them
How does the hippocampus function in memory?
The hippocampus functions as an index to put information into a long-term memory, but it is not a site of long-term memory
Describe consolidation
the act of recalling, thinking, and talking abt a memory leads to consolidation
*sleep also aids in this
What role do synapses play in memory?
memory storage depends on changes in synapses, and long-term potentiation *LTP increases synaptic connections
When are retrieval cues effective?
Retrieval cues are effective when they are given in the same context as when we encoded as an experience
*moods and inner states can become retrieval cues
What is the risk of reconsolidation?
consolidated memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to be consolidated again
What is the encoding - specificity principle?
retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which info was encoded
ex: taking a test in the same seat that you studied
What is state-dependent retrieval?
info tends to be better recalled when person is in the same state (psychological/physiological) that they were when the info was being encoded
What is transfer-appropriate processing?
TAP focuses on match between cognitive processes used during encoding and retrieval
*learning rhymes in order to do better on a test or whatever… IT’S COGNITIVE NOT ENVIRONMENT OR STATE DEPENDENT
What is retrieval-induced forgetting?
the phenomenon where the act of recalling certain info from memory unintentionally leads to forgetting of related, but unretrieved info
How can retrieval effect memory?
retrieving information from memory can improve subsequent memory of the retrieved information, but it can also suppress memory for related information that is not retrieved
What does neuroimaging show abt activities that are active in brain when remembering?
neuroimaging studies suggest that trying to remember activates the left frontal lobe, whereas successful recovery of stored info activates the hippocampus and regions in the brain related to the sensory aspects of an experience
What does long-term memory consist of?
long-term memory consists of implicit memory, the unconscious influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance
and explicit memory, the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving from past experiences
What is included in implicit memory?
- procedural memory: the acquisition of skills as a result of practice
- priming: a change in the ability to recognize or identify an object or a word as the result of past exposure to it
How can explicit memory be divided?
episodic memory: the collection of personal experiences from a particular time and place
semantic memory: a networked, general, impersonal knowledge of facts, associations, and concepts
What is collaborative memory and how does it effect memory?
collaborative memory refers to remembering in groups
collaborate remembering can both impair memory (collaborative inhibition) and enhance it by exposing people to new information and helping to correct errors
Describe Transience *7 sins
transience is reflected by a rapid decline in memory, followed by more gradual forgetting; both decay and interference contribute to transience
