Memory & Speech

Question 1

stages of memory

Answer 1

1. reception of sensory information
2. formation of memory trace
3. consolidation of memory trace
4. recall of memory trace (or retrieval)


Question 2

occurs in the sensory cortex

Answer 2

reception and interpretation of sensory information

Question 3

chemical change in tissue that represents formation of a memory

Answer 3

formation of memory trace

Question 4

formation of memory trace happens in which tissues

Answer 4

they are located in several regions and other cortical areas, prefrontal, limbic system, cerebellum and the temporal lobe

Question 5

memory can be erased in both of these stages

Answer 5

reception and formation of memory trace

Question 6

The process by which the information is stored and become resistant to erasing

Answer 6

consolidation

Question 7

how long does consolidation take and involving what kind of synthesis

Answer 7

process needs at least 5-10 minutes and it involves protein synthesis in neurons

Question 8

occurs in the hippocampus and its connections

Answer 8

consolidation

Question 9

dependent on “repetition”

Answer 9

consolidation

Question 10

related to: gene expression, protein synthesis and
hypertrophy of synaptic plates

Answer 10

consolidation

Question 11

the process by which the stored information are called back by one of the following mechanisms

Answer 11

recall

Question 12

classification of types of memory is divided into

Answer 12

duration of memory retention and type of information

Question 13

classification of according to duration is divided into

Answer 13

• immediate / sensory
• primary ( short term, recent or working )
• secondary ( long term or remote ) memory

Question 14

its duration is less than one second either fades away or changes into primary or secondary memory

Answer 14

immediate or sensory memory

Question 15

lasts for few minutes, develops from the sensory memory
maximum “nine items” can be stored
 reading the phone number and dial”


Answer 15

primary ( short term, recent or working )

Question 16

related to hippocampus and parahippocampal regions reverberating circuits

Answer 16

primary ( short term, recent or working )

Question 17

capacity of the brain for this time of memory is small, but its recall is rapid (working memory)

Answer 17

primary ( short term, recent or working )

Question 18

It lasts for long times (up to several years) can not be erased

Answer 18

secondary ( long term or remote ) memory

Question 19

does the hippocampus store information

Answer 19

no it is essential for process of consolidation

Question 20

classification according to type of memory

Answer 20

• declarative (explicit)

- nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory

Question 21

memory of conscious awareness stored generally in the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe

Answer 21

declarative explicit recognition memory

Question 22

not associated with awareness

Answer 22

• nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory

Question 23

does not involve processing in the hippocampus involves the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are

Answer 23

• nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory

Question 24

includes skills, habits, and conditioned reflexes

Answer 24

• nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory

Question 25

declarative explicit memory can be divide into

Answer 25

semantics (facts) and episodic (events)

Question 26

semantics are associated with which part of the brain

Answer 26

lateral and anterior temporal cortex and prefrontal cortex

Question 27

episodic are associated with which part of the brain

Answer 27

hippocampus medial temporal lobe

Question 28

nondeclarative/implicity memory is divided into

Answer 28

- procedural skills - priming and perceptual - associative learning (classical conditioning) - non associative learning habituation and sensitisation

Question 29

procedural skills are associated with which part of the brain

Answer 29

striatum cerebellum and motor cortex

Question 30

priming and perceptual are associated with which part of the brain

Answer 30

neocortex

Question 31

associative learning (classical conditioning) is associated with which part of the brain

Answer 31

amygdala and cerebellum

Question 32

non associative learning habituation and sensitisation is associated with which part of the cns

Answer 32

reflex pathways

Question 33

inability to recall memories from the past, specially the recent events (i.e. before consolidation of the memory trace).

Answer 33

retrograde amnesia

Question 34

may occur following brain trauma or electroshock long-term memory formation is generally intact

Answer 34

retrograde amnesia

Question 35

inability to form new long-term memories (but the already stored are intact)

Answer 35

anterograde amnesia

Question 36

may occur following a lesion in temporal structures (esp. in hippocampus). New memory formation is impaired.

Answer 36

anterograde amnesia

Question 37

hippocampus role in memory formation

Answer 37

formation of long term memory (consolidation)

Question 38

amygdala role in memory formation

Answer 38

encodes emotions related to memory

Question 39

temporal lobe role in memory formation

Answer 39

interpretation of surroundings as familiar or not

Question 40

lesions in hippocampus results in

Answer 40

alzheimers disease failure to form new long term memory

Question 41

lesions in temporal lobe results in

Answer 41

lesions may result in deja vu (familiar feeling in strange place) or jamais vu (feeling strange in familiar places)

Question 42

part of the cerebral cortex that is involved in higher functions such as conscious thoughts and language

Answer 42

neocortex

Question 43

main function of the neocortex is

Answer 43

perception of auditory and visual information related to language, integration, processing and formation of comprehensive commands of language

Question 44

centers involved in language

Answer 44

wernicke and broucas area located in superior temoprus gyrus and inferior end of primary cortex

Question 45

aphasia

Answer 45

loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage

Question 46

fluent aphasia ( sensory aphasia ) due to

Answer 46

lesions in wernickes area

Question 47

non-fluent aphasia ( motor aphasia ) due to

Answer 47

lesions in brocas area

Question 48

anomic aphasia due to

Answer 48

lesions in the angular gyrus

Question 49

conduction aphasia ( fluent ) due to

Answer 49

lesions in and around the auditory cortex

Question 50

memory traces occur at all levels of the nervous system

Answer 50

true

Question 51

most memories are based on memory traces

Answer 51

true

Question 52

memory traces can be selectively activated by thinking to produce memories

Answer 52

true

Question 53

changing the basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission | new or facilitated pathways are called

Answer 53

memory traces