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Pyschology > Memory Systems and Organization > Flashcards

Memory Systems and Organization Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Stores

A

retain information in memory without using it for any purpose

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2
Q

Control processes

A

Shift info from one memory store to another

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3
Q

Encoding

A

The process of storing info in LTM system

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of being back info from LTM to STM

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A

A memory store that accurately holds perceptual info for a brief moment in time

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6
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual memory .5 to 1 sec

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7
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory info stored for 5 sec

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8
Q

STM

A

Capacity of less than 60 sec

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9
Q

LTM

A

Capacity is extended or permanent

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10
Q

The serial position effect

A

Remembering first few thing and last few things but only one from the middle.

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11
Q

Proactive interference

A

The first information learned is being stored in LTM

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12
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The thing most recently learned overshadows some previous things that did not make LTM

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13
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating info until you do not need it

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14
Q

Working memory

A

STM a combo of memory components that can store smalls amounts of info for a short amount of time

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15
Q

Phonological loop

A

Working memo ring that relies on rehearsal

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16
Q

Visuospatial sketch pad

A

A storage component of working memory that maintains visual and spacial layouts.

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17
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Working memory that combines images and sounds into story like episodes

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18
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing smaller units of info into larger meaningful units

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19
Q

In class activity

A

You can remember up to 7 items plus or minus 2

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20
Q

Attention

A

Info or stimuli that we choose to attend to

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21
Q

Levels of processing

A

Shallow: physical characteristics
Intermediate: labeling info
Deep: info processed systematically

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22
Q

Elaboration

A

Making associations

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23
Q

Declarative Memory

A

LTM
Facts
How well initially learned will play into recall

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24
Q

Episodic memory

A

LTM
What, where, when
Stored autobiographically

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25
Semantic memory
LTM | Knowledge about the world
26
Types of memory in LTM
Declarative Episodic Semantic Implicit
27
Implicit memory
Memory stored without a conscious knowledge of it
28
Organization
Schemes Semantic networks Hierarchy Connection networks
29
Long term potentiation
Neurons that fire together will strengthen
30
Amnesia
A profound loss of at least one memory
31
Retrograde amnesia
A condition which events proceeding trauma are lost.
32
Concept
A mental representation of an event or idea
33
Categories
Clusters of interrelated concepts
34
Classical categorization
Based on a set of rules | Set of frames
35
Graded membership
The idea that some concepts better represent the category than others. Example: the apple is the best example of fruit and not the avocado
36
Prototype
The average example of a category | Example: the blue jay is the prototype and not penguin
37
Exemplar
A special category member that serves as a reference point for the entire category Example: Cats, you think of a house cat as reference. Not a tiger because then the exemplar is big or wild cats.
38
Semantic network
An interconnected set of nodes and links that make a category
39
Node
Circles that represent concepts
40
Links
Connect nodes
41
Networks
A hierarchy from general to specific
42
Basic level category
Includes prototypes, pronouns, etc used most often in everyday conversation
43
Problem solving
Accomplishing a goal when the path to success is not clear
44
States of problem solving
Initial state: Defining the problem Goal state: desired outcome Obstacles
45
Operator
Techniques to solve a problem
46
Ill defined problem
Lacking in one or more way
47
Well defined problem
Clear and clear operators
48
Problem strategies and techniques
Algorithms: based on a set of rules Heuristics: stem from prior experience
49
Cognitive obstacles
Most are self imposed | Routines are helpful but can create unforeseen obstacles
50
Functional fixedness
Sticking to a routine
51
Representative Heuristics
Making judgements on how well it represents a specific category
52
Belief perseverance
When someone believes they have the answer to a problem
53
Confirmation bias
Searching only for things that support your belief
54
Language
From of communication based on spoken, written, or gestural cues based on a set of rules.
55
Unique features of communication
``` Imagination Time New meanings Communicates objects or events In our genetics ```
56
Phonemes
Basic units of sound
57
Morphemes
The smallest meaningful units of language
58
Semantics
The study of how people understand the meaning of words
59
Syntax
The rules for combing words, morphemes, sentences and phrases.
60
Pragmatics
The non linguistic use of language | HOW it is said not WHAT is said
61
Age of acquisition
The sensitive period for learning language
62
Achievement tests
Measures knowledge and thinking skills
63
Psychometrics
Test construction: Reliability Validity Retest reliability
64
Standard test
The intelligence test scores are compared to the existence of norms
65
Standard deviation
The variability around the mean
66
The Stan ford Binet test
Mental age: | The average test score for your age
67
The WAIS test
Overall IQ General ability Cognitive ability
68
Crystallized intelligence
Relies on extensive experience and knowledge | Relatively stable and robust
69
Fluid intelligence
Used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge
70
Environmental factors that affect IQ
Birth order: First born because they have practice teaching to younger siblings Income: wealthy enjoy better resources for learning Health and nutrition: healthy kids go to school Education: kids who don’t go to school have lower IQ

Pyschology (1 decks)

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