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ICA > Men’s Health - Urology > Flashcards

Men’s Health - Urology Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Foreskin/prepuce cannot be fully retracted in adult

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2
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Painful constriction of glans penis by retracted prepuce proximal to corona

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3
Q

What is prepuce?

A

Foreskin

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4
Q

Common causes of paraphimosis

A

Phimosis
Catherisation
Penile cancer

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5
Q

What is posthitis?

A

Inflamed foreskin

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6
Q

Treatment of paraphimosis

A

Needs reduction

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7
Q

Best treatment of phimosis

A

Circumcision

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8
Q

What type of cancer is penile cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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9
Q

Risk factors of penile cancer

A
  • Phimosis > poor hygiene + build up of smegma
  • HPV 16/18
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10
Q

Key indications of circumcision in children

A

Religion
Recurrent balantitis/UTIs

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11
Q

Key indications of circumcision in adults

A
  • recurrent balanitis
  • phimosis
  • recurrent paraphimosis
  • balanitis xerotica obliterans
  • penile cancer
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12
Q

What is balanitis?

A

Inflammation of glands of penis

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13
Q

What is balanitis xerotica obliterans?

A

Thin white scaly patch on foreskin

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14
Q

Causes of acute scrotal pain

A
  • testicular torsion
  • epididymitis/epididymo-orchitis due to UTI/STI/mumps
  • trauma
  • ureteric calculate (rare) due to referred pain
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15
Q

Common history of testicular torsion

A
  • younger patient <30
  • sudden onset
  • unilateral pain
  • possible nausea + vomiting
  • no lower urinary tract symptoms
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16
Q

Common exam findings of testicular torsion

A
  • testis is very tender
  • lying high in scrotum with horizontal line
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17
Q

Treatment of testicular torsion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Emergency scrotal exploration

18
Q

What are the common causes of epididymitis-orchitis in younger vs older people?

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A
  • 20-40/50: STIs e.g. chlamydia
  • 40/50+: UTI e.g. E.coli
19
Q

Common history of epididymo-orchitis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • gradual onset
  • unilateral
  • recent history of UTI, unprotected sex, catheter, mumps
20
Q

Common exam findings in epididymo-orchitis

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A
  • pyrexial
  • scrotum erythematous
  • testis/epididymis enlarged + tender
  • reactive hydrocoele
  • fournier’s gangrene (rare)
21
Q

Treatment of epidiymo-orchitis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Antibiotics
  • Surgically drain abscess if present
  • energy debridement + antibitoics if fournier’s gangrene
22
Q

What could a non tender, painless scrotal lump be?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • testicular tumour
  • epididymyal cancer
  • hydrocoele
  • reducible inguino-scrotal hernia
23
Q

If a man presents with a scrotal lump that you can’t ‘get above’, what is it likely to be?

24
Q

Common exam findings of hydrocoele?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • testis not palpabale separately
  • can get above
  • transilluminates
25
Describe a hydrocoele
Scrotal swelling due to imbalance of fluid production + resorption between tunica albuginea + tunica vaginalis
26
Common exam findings of epidiymal cyst
- painless - separate from testis - can get above - transilluminates
27
If a man presents with a scrotal lump with a dull ache at the end of day, what is it likely to be?
Varicocele
28
Common exam findings of Varicocele
- feels like bag of worms above testis - not tender
29
Treatment of testicular tumour
**Inguinal orchidectomy** Removal of testicle through an incision in inguinal region
30
Treatment of epidiymal cyst
Reassure Excise if large
31
Treatment of adult hydrocoele
Reassure Remove is large or symptomatic
32
Causes of urinary retention
- BPH or prostatic cancer - phimosis, meatal stenosis - urethral stricture - drugs - UTI - over distension - following surgery - neurological
33
What do older men with nocturnal enuresis have until proven otherwise?
Chronic retention with overflow incontinence
34
What could be causing voiding symptoms?
Bladder outflow obstruction Reduced contractility
35
Types of physical bladder outflow obstructions
Phimosis Urethral stricture BPH
36
What does spraying of urine suggest?
Urethral stricture
37
Managment of BPH
- reduce caffeine intake + fizzy drinks - no need to drink >2.5L per day - a blockers *e.g. tamsulosin* - 5a reductase inhibitors *e.g. finasteride*
38
Why are alpha blockers used in Managment of BPH? Example
- relax smooth muscle within prostate + bladder neck > symptoms relief - *e.g. tamsulosin*
39
Why are 5a reductase inhibitors used in management of BPH? Example
- act by ‘shrinking’ prostate via androgen deprivation - slow progression + reduces risk of retention - *e.g. finasteride*
40
List two drugs used in BPH management + their drug class
*tamsulosin* - a blocker *finasteride* - 5a reductase inhibitor
41
Indications of surgical treatment of BPH
- Failed lifestyle + medical management - Urinary retention needs innervation
42
What surgical treatment is used in BPH?
Transurethral resection of prostate

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