Mendelian genetics

Question 1

Frameshift mutations are what

Answer 1

alterations in the reading frame of the

mRNA

Question 2

We currently have three vaccines in the US

Answer 2

2 are RNA vaccines (Pfizer and
oderna)
1 is adenovirus vaccine (Johnson &
Johnson)

Question 3

Aristotle (300’s BC) proposed that

that particles called pangenes did what

Answer 3

came together from all

parts of the body to form the sperm and the egg.

Question 4

17th century biologists believed that only one of

the parents provided what

Answer 4

all of the childs inherited

characteristics

Question 5

Leeuwenhoek proposed that the sperm contained a

miniature human that he called what

Answer 5

a homunculus and the mother

served only as an incubator. spermists

Question 6

deGraff proposed that the egg contained what

Answer 6

the human and

the sperm only served to stimulate growth. ovists

Question 7

19th century biologists concluded that both

parents contributed to the what

Answer 7

e characteristics of the offspring
and that a blending of traits occurred. They called this
the Blending Theory.

Question 8

BLENDING THEORY proposed what

Answer 8

heredity material from each
parent mixed in the offspring and the
characteristics of the offspring would be
intermediate between the parental types

Question 9

why cant we “see” blending theory

Answer 9

We are all
different (exception: identical twins)
-y does not explain
characteristic skip generations to appear in
the next generation

Question 10

what is PARTICULATE
THEORY OF
HEREDITY (Mendels)

Answer 10

Parents transmit to
their offspring
discrete inheritable
factors (traits/genes)
that remain as
separate factors from
one generation to the
next.

Question 11

why was Mendel successful

Answer 11

trained to use math to help explain
natural phenomena
-He chose to
work with garden peas (Pisum sativum)
-e used true breeding varieties

Question 12

what are true breeding varieties

Answer 12

a variety that when it
self-pollinates the offspring are the same as the
parents, generation after generation

Question 13

exsample of genetic cross

Answer 13

1-removed stems from purple flower
2-transfered pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower
3-pollinated carpel matired in pod
4-planted seeds from pod
5-examined offspring allpurple flowers (FIRST GEN)

Question 14

what is p generation

Answer 14

true breeding parent (purple and while flower)

Question 15

what is f 1 generation

Answer 15

hybrids (all plants had purple flowers)

Question 16

what is f2 generation

Answer 16

ratio 3:1 (705 plants had purple flowers, 224 plants had white flowers )

Question 17

what a Gene

Answer 17

Discrete unit in the DNA of a chromosome
which carries the hereditary information for a
character/trait

Question 18

each gene in diploid organism is represented by what

Answer 18

two alleles

Question 19

what is an allele

Answer 19

variant of a gene

Question 20

what is locus

Answer 20

Specific location on a

chromosome that contains an allele

Question 21

what is character gene

Answer 21

Inheritable feature (e.g. flower
color, eye color, nose shape

Question 22

what is a trait (allele)

Answer 22

Variant of character (e.g. purple

flower, blue eyes, pointed nose

Question 23

what is Monohybrid Cross

Answer 23

A cross between parental varieties that
differ by one gene
• This type of cross follows the inheritance
of a single gene.
• From this type of cross Mendel deduced
his first law -- the Law of segregation.

Question 24

what is Phenotype

Answer 24

organisms observable characteristics

Question 25

what is HOMOZYGOUS:

Answer 25

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

Question 26

what is HETEROZYGOUS

Answer 26

Having two different alleles for a given gene

Question 27

what is the DOMINANT ALLELE:

Answer 27

The allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype on an heterozygous organism

Question 28

what is the RECESSIVE ALLELE:

Answer 28

``` The allele that is completely masked in the phenotype on an heterozygous organism ```

Question 29

what is a PUNNETT SQUARE

Answer 29

Way a predicting the combinations resulting from random genetic crosses

Question 30

Alleles account for what

Answer 30

r the variations in the inherited characters

Question 31

two alleles are | inherited by

Answer 31

one from the mother one from the father.

Question 32

The dominant allele | determines the

Answer 32

appearance of the | organism

Question 33

the recessive allele has

Answer 33

``` no contribution for the appearance of the organism when in presence of the dominant allele ```

Question 34

what is mendels first law

Answer 34

Law of segregation of | alleles:

Question 35

what is the law of segregation of alleles

Answer 35

``` The two allele in a pair of homologous chromosomes segregate (i.e. separate from each other) into different gametes -The alleles then will pair again randomly during the fusion of gametes in fertilization to give rise to the new progeny ```

Question 36

what is a testcrosses

Answer 36

Cross between homozygous recessive and corresponding heterozygote to determine genotype of the latter

Question 37

what is it called when neither allele is dominant

Answer 37

incomplete | dominance

Question 38

What is the genetic basis for | transmission of 2 traits (genes)?

Answer 38

Dihybrid Cross: A cross between parental | varieties that differ by two genes

Question 39

what is the Law of independent | assortment:

Answer 39

``` Each pair of alleles assorts independently in the gametes because the nonhomologous chromosomes assort themselves independently during meiosis I ```

Question 40

when does the law of independent assortment occur

Answer 40

when the genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Question 41

Mendel arrived at two | principles of heredity by doing what.

Answer 41

By following the transmission of well-defined characters from the P generation to the F1 and F2 generations

Question 42

what are two | principles of heredity

Answer 42

1-The law of segregation of alleles | 2-The law of independent assortment

Question 43

the two principles of hereditary show us what

Answer 43

s how the genes are passed on from generation to generation through the same simple rules of chance that apply to the tossing of a coin