mendels experiments Flashcards
(26 cards)
genotype
(also known as alleles)
tells wether it is heterozygous or homozygous recessive/dominant
(AA, aa, Aa)
phenotype
(also known as gene expression)
the traits that you can see after cross over
Ex: eye color, skin color
diploid
has two sets of chromosomes from each parent
haploid
has single set of chromosomes
(in humans this is the egg or the sperm)
what is the flow of sexual reproduction in humans
diploid –> haploid –> fertilization –> diploid
how are haploid gametes created
through meiosis
what happens during meiosis
one parent cell turns in 4 NONIDENTICAL daughter cells (after two rounds of division)
homozygous allele
two copies of same allele
can look like AA or aa
heterozygous allele
two different alleles
can look like Ab or AB
dominant meaning
can be detected and passed down regardless of other allele
can look like A
recessive meaning
effects are masked when in the heterozygous condition
can look like Aa or Bb
autosomal
both sexes are EQUALLy effected
sex linked
one sex is affected more than the other
Ex: x linked will affect more females because of their xx genes
law of segregation
alleles separate and then reunite randomly during fertilization
law of independent assortment
the separation of chromosomes during meiosis leads to a mix of mother and father chromosomes
linked genes
are close together on chromosome and are usually inherited together
incomplete dominance
it is not completely dominant, you get a blend
Ex: white flower (rr) crosses with red flower (RR) you end up with pink flowers (Rr)
codominance
you get both of the traits they are not blended
Ex: white (WW) and brown (BB) cow are crossed, offspring contains both white and brown colorings (WB)
Pleiotropy
a single gene that affects multiple traits
Ex: one gene effects ear wax and body odor
phylogeny
multiple genes give you the phenotype
Ex: many genes affect skin color
Epistasis
one gene controls another phenotypic gene
Ex: people with albinism have aa alleles for melanin production and will not get pigment no matter what the other alleles are
autosomal dominant
the dominant traits pass from one parent onto their child
autosomal recessive
the recessive traits pass from both parents onto their child
mendel’s notation system
p
parent generation of true breeding (offspring are exactly the same)
