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HNN > Meningeal Layers, Dural Folds and Dural Venous Sinuses > Flashcards

Meningeal Layers, Dural Folds and Dural Venous Sinuses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?
From outermost to innermost

A

DAP
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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2
Q

What are the bumps in the brain called?

A

Gyri

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3
Q

What are the dips in the brain called?

A

Sulci

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4
Q

What are the fissures of the brain?

A

Longitudinal
Lateral x2

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5
Q

Describe the Pia mater

A

Microscopically thin
Delicate adherence to surface of brain
Follows every sulci + fissure

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6
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

Soft fibrous translucent membrane
Doesn’t descend into sulci or lateral fissures
Does descent longitudinal fissure

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7
Q

What are the leptomeninges?

A

Pia and arachnoid mater

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8
Q

What does an infection in the leptomeninges cause?

A

Meningitis

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9
Q

Describe the dura mater

A
  • Tough fibrous membrane
  • Has two layers while in the skull: periosteal + meningeal
  • Separation of the layers forms: dural folds + dural venous sinuses
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10
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

The space between the Pia + arachnoid mater

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11
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

CSF
Cerebral arteries + veins

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the dura while in the skull?

A
  • periosteal: part against inner table of bone (periosteum)
  • meningeal: part adjacent to arachnoid
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13
Q

What forms when the two layers of the dura separate?

A

Dural folds
Dural venous sinuses

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14
Q

What is the dural fold in the longitudinal fissure called?

A

Falx cerebri

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15
Q

What is the dural fold in the lateral fissure called?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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16
Q

Function of dural folds

A
  • Act as rigid dividers
  • Help to stabilise the brain: falx cerebri <> | tentorium cerebelli ^v
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17
Q

What can a rise in intracranial pressure cause?

A

Compression + displacement of parts of the brain against dural folds and/or through the foramen magnum

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18
Q

What are dural venous sinuses?

A

Venous blood filled spaces created by separation of meningeal + periosteal layer of dura

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19
Q

Where do dural venous sinuses drain into?

Study These Flashcards
A

Internal jugular vein

20
Q

What dural venous sinuses are at the superior and inferior margins of falx cerebri?

Study These Flashcards
A

Superior Sagittal sinus
Inferior Sagittal sinus

21
Q

What connects the cavernous sinus to the sigmoid sinus?

Study These Flashcards
A

Superior + inferior petrosal sinuses

22
Q

What meets at the confluence of sinuses?

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A
  • Superior sagittal sinus
  • Straight sinus (drains inferior sagittal sinus)
  • Occipital sinus
  • Transverse sinus x2
23
Q

Outline the route of venous blood from the confluence of sinuses to the cavernous sinus

Study These Flashcards
A
  • confluence of sinuses
  • transverse sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
  • superior + inferior petrosal sinus
  • cavernous sinus
24
Q

What connects the inferior Sagittal sinus to the superior sagittal singus?

Study These Flashcards
A

ISS > straight sinus which meets the SSS at the confluence of sinuses

25
How do cerebral veins drain into dural sinuses?
Bridging veins
26
How do scalp (extracranial) veins drain into the dural venous sinuses?
Emissary veins
27
Link to test sinuses
https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/dural-venous-sinuses-deep-veins-c044a5d3e3374ce2b208ccf590ef3473
28
What are the types of intracranial haemorrhage?
Extradural/epidural Subdural Subarachnoid
29
What is an intracranial haemorrhage?
Head trauma can lead to bleeding in potential spaces between meningeal layers
30
What is an intracerebral haemorrhage?
Bleeding occurs within the brain tissue itself
31
What is a characteristic shape of an extra dural haemorrhage on a CT scan?
**Biconvex shape** with edges limited by bond to sutures
32
Where does an extradural haemorrhage occur between?
Inner table of bone + periosteum
33
How does fresh blood appear on a CT?
Bright white
34
What is a characteristic history for a patient with an extradural haemorrhage?
- trauma to side of head - loss of consciousness - normal after regaining consciousness - deterioration ~1 hours later
35
Is the deterioration more rapid in a extradural or subdural haemorrhage and why?
**Extradural haemorrhage** Bleed of arterial blood compared to venous blood
36
What causes a subdural haemorrhage?
Venous bleed usually form bridging veins
37
What is the weakest point in a bridging vein?
The point of connection with the dural venous sinus
38
What is the characteristic shape of an subdural haemorrhage on a CT?
Crescent shape Not defined edges
39
Causes of a subarachnoid haemorrhage
Secondary to trauma Spontaneous rupture of blood vessel *e.g. aneurysm*
40
Why is the circle of Willis a place where spontaneous rupture of blood vessels could occur?
Area of anastomoses Aneurysms can occur
41
How do you identify a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
- patient complains of thunderclap headache - CT image - lumbar puncture if CT if inconclusive: sample CSF to identify presence of blood (haemoglobin degradation products)
42
From the superior sagittal sinus, what is the route that venous blood takes as it leaves the cranial cavity?
Superior sagittal sinus Confluence of sinuses Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus Internal jugular vein
43
Connections of the falx cerebri
- **superior**: top of skull - **inferior**: corpus collosum - **anterior**: anterior skull - **posterior**: posterior skull
44
What is a characteristic history for a patient with an extradural haemorrhage?
Older patients Alcoholics On anticoagulants Bump to head Gradual decline
45
A patient complains of the worst headache of their life, what is the most likely diagnosis?
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
46
What layers is a subdural haemorrhage between?
Dura mater + Arachnoid mater
47
What layers is a subarachnoid haemorrhage between?
Arachnoid mater + pia mater

HNN (24 decks)

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