Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

What is menopause?

A

A woman’s last ever menstrual period

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2
Q

What is the climacteric period?

A

Time leading up to menopause

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3
Q

What is average age for menopause to occur?

A

51 years old

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4
Q

When is menopause considered premature?

A

If occurs before the age of 40

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5
Q

When is menopause considered late?

A

If occurs after the age of 54

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6
Q

Absence of what hormone causes the menopause?

A

Oestrogens

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7
Q

What happens to FSH and LH levels following menopause?

A

They increase as there is no oestrogen to negatively feedback to inhibit release

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8
Q

List some physical symptoms of menopause

A

Hot flushes
Night sweats
Palpitations
Insomnia
Joint aches
Headaches

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9
Q

List some late-on features of menopause

A

Frequency
Recurrent UTIs
Dysuria
Incontinence
Dry hair and skin
Atrophy of breasts and genitals

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10
Q

When is bleeding following menopause considered post-menopausal bleeding?

A

After 1 year of having menopause

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11
Q

Why is it important to investigate post-menopausal bleeding?

A

Could be cancer

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12
Q

Which NSAID can be given for post-menopausal bleeding? How does it help?

A

Mefenamic acid
Reduces blood supply to uterus to minimise bleeding

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13
Q

Which antifibrinolytic can be given for post-menopausal bleeding? How does it help?

A

Tranexamic acid
Delays clot breakdown

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14
Q

Why could progesterone agents be given for post-menopausal bleeding?

A

Stabilise womb lining and make it less likely to proliferate

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15
Q

What treatment offers endometrial protection for up to 4 years against menorrhagia?

A

Intra-uterine system (releases low-dose progesterone)

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16
Q

When offering HRT, why should oestrogen-only prescription not be given? When would it be ok to give this?

A

Increases risk of endometrial cancer
OK if had hysterectomy

17
Q

List some benefits of HRT

A

Symptom control
Reduces risk of osteoporotic fracture
Reduces risk of bowel cancer
Possibly less cardiovascular events

18
Q

List some risks of HRT

A

VTE
Breast cancer
Gallbladder disease