Mental Health across lofespans

Question 1

What is Mental Illness?

Answer 1

Mental illness is characterized by deviance, danger, dysfunction, and distress.

Question 2

What does deviance refer to in mental illness?

Answer 2

Deviance refers to behavior, thoughts, or emotions that deviate from societal norms.

Question 3

What does danger mean in the context of mental illness?

Answer 3

Danger indicates a risk of harming oneself or others.

Question 4

What is dysfunction in mental illness?

Answer 4

Dysfunction obstructs daily activities.

Question 5

What does distress mean in mental illness?

Answer 5

Distress causes suffering.

Question 6

What is the DSM-5 focus in diagnosing mental illness?

Answer 6

The DSM-5 focuses on distress and dysfunction.

Question 7

What are the two main systems for diagnosing mental illness?

Answer 7

The two main systems are ICD-10 and DSM-5.

Question 8

What is the ICD-10?

Answer 8

ICD-10 is a WHO-based system with a global focus and free access.

Question 9

What is the DSM-5?

Answer 9

DSM-5 is an APA-based system used in the U.S. with a commercial focus.

Question 10

What is anxiety?

Answer 10

Anxiety is a natural response characterized by fight, flight, freeze, or fawn.

Question 11

What distinguishes an anxiety disorder?

Answer 11

An anxiety disorder occurs when anxiety is disproportionate, persistent, and disabling.

Question 12

What are the components of anxiety?

Answer 12

The components include emotional, cognitive, psychological, and behavioral aspects.

Question 13

What is emotional anxiety?

Answer 13

Emotional anxiety involves tension and apprehension.

Question 14

What is cognitive anxiety?

Answer 14

Cognitive anxiety includes worry and coping doubts.

Question 15

What is psychological anxiety?

Answer 15

Psychological anxiety manifests as increased heart rate and muscle tension.

Question 16

What is behavioral anxiety?

Answer 16

Behavioral anxiety leads to avoidance and poor performance.

Question 17

What is separation anxiety?

Answer 17

Separation anxiety is the fear of separation from attachment figures.

Question 18

What is a specific phobia?

Answer 18

A specific phobia is an intense fear of a specific object or situation.

Question 19

What is social anxiety?

Answer 19

Social anxiety is the fear of social scrutiny.

Question 20

What is panic disorder?

Answer 20

Panic disorder involves recurrent unexpected panic attacks.

Question 21

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Answer 21

GAD is characterized by persistent worry over multiple areas for more than 6 months.

Question 22

What are the biological causes of anxiety disorders?

Answer 22

Genetic vulnerability (twin studies: 21-5% vs 13-5%) and low CABA activity leading to emotional over-crousol.

Question 23

What are the psychological causes of anxiety disorders?

Answer 23

Freud: Ego overwhelmed by unacceptable impulses; Cognitive theories: Catastrophizing and expecting the worst.

Question 24

What do mood disorders encompass?

Answer 24

Mood disorders encompass depression and bipolar disorders.

Question 25

What is the co-morbidity rate of anxiety with mood disorders?

Answer 25

High co-morbidity with anxiety (-50%).

Question 26

What is the global prevalence of mood disorders?

Answer 26

Depression is the most common, followed by anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.

Question 27

What are the symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder?

Answer 27

Intense sadness, loss of interest for at least 2 weeks, and 5+ symptoms: appetite, sleep, energy, guilt, concentration, suicidal thoughts.

Question 28

What is Dysthymia?

Answer 28

Chronic, lower-intensity depression.

Question 29

What are the mood disorders listed in DSM-5?

Answer 29

Major depressive disorder, Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder, Persistent depressive disorder, Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Substance/medical illness-induced depression.

Question 30

What are the biological causes of depression?

Answer 30

Genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter imbalances (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine), brain area dysfunction (PFC, ACC, hippocampus, amygdala), possible link to inflammation (cytokines).

Question 31

What are the psychological causes of depression?

Answer 31

Freud's theory of loss introjected leading to self-criticism, Beck's cognitive theory of the negative triad (self, world, future), hopelessness theory (belief that bad events can't be changed), rumination (persistent, repetitive thinking worsens depression).

Question 32

What characterizes Bipolar I disorder?

Answer 32

Full manic and depressive episodes lasting 7+ days or hospitalization.

Question 33

What characterizes Bipolar II disorder?

Answer 33

Hypomania and depressive episodes, with no full mania.