Metabolic control regulation

Question 1

How much energy does 1g of carbohydrate produce?

Answer 1

4.2kcal of energy

Question 2

How much energy does 1g of fat produce?

Answer 2

9.4kcal

Question 3

How much energy does 1g of protein produce?

Answer 3

5.65kcal

Question 4

What are some techniques which can be used to calculate BMR and energy expenditure ?

Answer 4

Respiratory chamber // spirometer/ douglas bag

Question 5

What are the major steps involved in metabolism?

Answer 5

EATING FOOD // RELEASING ENERGY - through breaking down energy // DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- digestive enzymes break down carbohydrates // ENZYMEMS MEET UP - inside cells more enzymes// ENERGY STORE - releases energy for immediate or future use

Question 6

What are the 3 components of ATP?

Answer 6

triphosphate // ribose // adenine

Question 7

What are some uses of ATP ?

Answer 7

digestion/ muscle contraction/ circulation / tissue synthesis / nerve condition // glandular excreations

Question 8

What is the resting stores of ATP? How does this change during exercise ?

Answer 8

80-100G (at strenuous exercise this can rise by 20-30X)

Question 9

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates ?

Answer 9

1. Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galaoctose )// 2. Disaccharides (sucrose + lactose ) // 3. Polysacchatodes (starch)

Question 10

What is the main function of phosphofructokinases?

Answer 10

Controls rate of glycolytic pathway

Question 11

What is glycogenesis ?

Answer 11

the process by which the body synthesizes glycogen, the storage form of glucose, from glucose molecules, primarily occurring in the liver and muscle tissues.

Question 12

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 12

the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose

Question 13

What are the net products of glycolysis ?

Answer 13

NAD + NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP

Question 14

Where is the majority of ATP produced in the body? (ENERGY SYSTEM)

Answer 14

ETC (34 produced here)

Question 14

Give some sporting examples of when energy demand can increase drastically.

Answer 14

sprinting / spiriting within a team sport / explosive movements / lifting weights in the gym

Question 15

How much ATP is produced from 1 glucose molecule ?

Answer 15

36

Question 16

How much ATP is stored within the muscles?

Answer 16

80-100g

Question 17

What are the characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres?

Answer 17

SLOW/ low glycolysis / fat energy storage / aerobic metabolism

Question 18

What are the characteristics of type 2a muscle fibres?

Answer 18

moderate fast / high glycolysis / PCr energy store and glycogen store / Long anaerobic metabolism

Question 19

What are the characteristics of type 2b muscle fibres?

Answer 19

fast movement / high glyolysis / PCr and glygoen energy stores/ short anerobic metabolism

Question 20

What determines which muscle fibre type is being used?

Answer 20

Duration and intensity of exercise

Question 21

What energy source does phospho-creatine provide?

Answer 21

intermediate energy stores for muscles

Question 22

What ancestral origin do the fasted 10 100m sprinters have?

Answer 22

west african

Question 23

What test can be used to measure power output?

Answer 23

Wingate test - a 30-second, high-intensity cycling test used to assess anaerobic power and capacity, involving pedaling as fast as possible against a predetermined resistance.

Question 24

How can phospho-creatine be used in ATP production?

Answer 24

PCr + ADP + H+--> ATP + Cr using creatine kinase, phosphocreatine rephosphorylates ADP to ATP

Question 25

Is there more PCr or ATP stored in muscles ?

Answer 25

4x more PCr than ATP

Question 27

When does ATP production occur? (during exercise )

Answer 27

at rest phase between high-intensity efforts

Question 28

When to PCr stores run out? How long does it take for these to recover?

Answer 28

5-10 seconds into exercise// takes 3-4 mins for full recovery

Question 29

What is the average creatine concentration in muscles ?

Answer 29

110-120mmol/kg/dry weight of muscle

Question 30

What does creatine supplement do to muscle stores?

Answer 30

increases from 110-120 to 130-160mmol/kg/dry weight

Question 31

What are benefits of creatine supplementing?

Answer 31

increases fat free mass // increases power output// increases success in anaerobic activities

Question 32

When is the anaerobic glycolysis energy system optimal?

Answer 32

around 5secs into high intensity exercise

Question 33

Throughout exercise from 1 second to 10 mins what energy system is used?

Answer 33

ANEROBIC ->1-45 secs // ANEROBIC LACTIC - 45secs to 2mins // AEROBIC + ANAEROBIC - 2-4mins // AEROBIC - 4/10mins

Question 34

What energy source is used during exercise between 1seconds -> 10 mins ?

Answer 34

1-4 secs -> ATP in muscles // 4-10secs-> ATP+CP // 10secs-2mins -> MUSCLE GLYCOGEN // 2mins -4mins -> MUSCLE GLYCOGEN AND LACTIC ACID // 4-10mins -> MUSCLE GLYCOGEN AND FATTY ACIDS

Question 35

When are muscle glycogen stores used up?

Answer 35

90 mins into moderate exercise

Question 36

Compare glucose and fat metabolism.

Answer 36

Glucose produces 36ATP VS fat produces 129 ATP // gluocsee uses 6O2 VS fat uses 23O2 fat metabolism has a greater ATP yield but also requires more oxygen

Question 37

What does the RER value tell us?

Answer 37

the energy source in use // <1 = burning fat = 1= only carbohydrates based off vco2/o2 as fat metabolism requires more oxygen

Question 38

What controls fat metabolism?

Answer 38

hormones -> insulin has an inhibitory effect // glucagon has a stimulating effect

Question 39

post fat metabolism what is the aim?

Answer 39

get glucose and acteyl A into the mitochondria where it can be broken down //

Question 40

Where is the beta oxidative pathway take place and what is the main aim?

Answer 40

within the mitochondria , aim is to convert fatty acids into acetyl-co a so it can be used in the kreb cycle // each cycle removes 2 carbon atoms , shortening the chain, hthis continues until the chain is broken .

Question 41

What does a ketogenic state refer to?

Answer 41

main energy source = fat

Question 42

When does maximal fat burning take place?

Answer 42

at 60% of maximal capacity

Question 43

How many calories are needed for men and women to maintain a BMR ?

Answer 43

women = 1613 // men = 2111

Question 44

What are some adaptations to aerobic training?

Answer 44

increase capillary density and size + number of mitochondria// increase capacity to oxidise carbohydrates // increase capacity to oxidise lipase / reduce RER value (therefore using fat as the main energy source )

Question 45

What is the structure of amino acid?

Answer 45

amine group is attached to a carboxyl group via a carbon // contains a R group ( a side chain) which is unique to 20 different amino acids

Question 46

What is a dipeptide, tripeptide and a polypeptide ?

Answer 46

dipeptide = 2 amino acids // tripeptide = three amino acid // polypeptide = up to 100 amino acids

Question 47

What are the two main types of amino acids ?

Answer 47

ESSENTAIL -> cannot be synthesised by the body and are obtained by diet // NON ESSENTAIL - > synthesised by the body within the liver

Question 48

Where is the majority of protein sourced from in developed and less developed countries?

Answer 48

DEVELPOED -> animal products LESS DEVELOPED -> plant-based sources

Question 49

Where are amino acids usually found within the body?

Answer 49

within blood / extracellular fluid and tissue

Question 50

What is transamination?

Answer 50

converting essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids through moving an amine group

Question 51

How is nitrogen intake and outtake measured ?

Answer 51

INTAKE = total protein intake X 0.16 OUTAKE = measure al nitrogen excreted

Question 52

What is the main amino acid used during exercise ?

Answer 52

Leucine