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Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What structures are involved in the respiratory system?

A

external nose// nasal cavity (nasal conchae + meatus ) // Pharynx // larynx // vocal cords // trachea (bifucation of trachea ) // Bronchial tree //Alveoli // Gas exchange // lungs // Thoracic cage // Respiration

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2
Q

What are the main anatomical divisions of the respiratory tract?

A

UPPER - nose and pharynx
LOWER - larynx and lungs

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3
Q

What is the difference between the right and left lung?

A

the right lung has three lobes, while the left lung only has two lobes; this is because the heart occupies space on the left side of the chest, making the left lung slightly smaller than the right lung;.

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4
Q

What muscles are involved in inhalation respiration?

A

PRIMARY = intercostal muscles + diaphragm // ACCESORRY = sternocleidomastoid / scalene / pectoralis / serratus anterior

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5
Q

What are some functions of the respiratory system?

A

regulating blood ph/ regulate blood pressure/ vasolisation/ olfaction /

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6
Q

What are the main physiological divisions of the respiratory tract?

A
  1. CONDUCTION NOISE- nose/ pharynx/ larynx/ trachea/ bronchi/ bronchioles/ terminal bronchioles// 2.RESPIRATORY ZONE- bronchioles, alveolar ducts , alveolar sacs and alveoli
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7
Q

What are some muscles involved in exhilation?

A

internal intercostal muscles/ transversus thoracic / external oblique / rectus abdominus /internal oblique

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8
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavities, parasnasal sinuses?

A

filter, warm , humidify air and detect smells

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9
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

conducts air to the larynx ( a chamber shared with the digestive tract )

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10
Q

What is the function of the larynx

A

protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords

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11
Q

What is the function of the trachea and bronchi?

A

filters air , traps particles in mucus // cartridge ensures airways remain open

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12
Q

What is the function of the lungs ?

A

Responsible for air movement through volume changes during movements of ribs and diaphragm (includes airways and alveoli)

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13
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

acts as a site of gas exchange between air and blood.

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14
Q

What epithelium type is found at what section of the respiratory system?

A

CONDUCTING ZONE = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (typical respiratory epithelial )// RESPIRATORY ZONE = squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What is the partial pressure of Oxygen and carbon dioxide at rest?

A

O2= 100mm Hg // CO2 = 40mm Hg (both +/- 2)

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16
Q

what is barometric pressure?

A

atmospheric pressure at sea level (760mm Hg)

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17
Q

What occurs physically during inspiration ?

A

diaphragm contracts downwards -> pushes abdominal contents outwards // External intercostals pulls ribs outwards and upwards

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18
Q

What is inspiration and expiration passive or active?

A

INSPIRATION = active (diaphragm contracts ) // EXPIRATION = passive (elastic recoil of the diaphragm)

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19
Q

What changes in terms of the diaphragm contraction at rest inspiration and strenuous inspiration?

A

rest = 1cm quiet breathing // strenuous breathing = 10cm

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20
Q

What are the two main blood flow areas within the blood circulation?

A

PULMONARY -> deoxygenated blood heart -> lungs / oxygenated blood lungs -> heart // BRONCHIAL - oxygenated blood to lung parenchyma

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21
Q

What occurs to oxygen and carbon dioxide during the pulmonary and systematic circuit ?

A

PULMONARY CIRCUT -> O2 enters blood / CO2 leaves // SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION - O2 leaves the blood / CO2 enters

all in regards to entering / leaving the blood

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22
Q

What determines lung volume ?

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A

lungs elastic recoil properties and respiratory muscles

23
Q

What does the respiratory tree include?

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A

conducting airways and respiratory airways

24
Q

Describe the volumes and pressure changes which occur in the lungs during breathing

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A

INSPIRATION - start = no air flow
beginning alveoli pressure = 0 // 2. pleural pressure becomes(between lungs and chest ) negative // 3. Increases in transpulmonary pressures // 4. lungs expand - alveolar volume increases / 5. Alveolar pressure becomes more negative tan barometric pressure // 6. air flows into alveoli // end of inspiration - no longer expands //

EXPIRATION
beginning of expiration = thoracic volume decreases/ pleural pressure and transpulmonary pressure retunes to pre-inspiration values // thorax and lungs recoil / air in alveoli compress/ alveolar pressure becomes greater than barometric pressure

25
What is the transpulmonary pressure?
the pressure difference between the air in the lungs and the pressure in the pleural space
26
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
DISSOLVED IN PLASMA (amount dissolved directly proportional to the partial pressure // BOUND TO HAEMOHLOBIN(each molecule can bind 4 haemoglobins)
27
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
7% dissolved // 23% bound to haemoglobin // 70% converted into bicarbonate
28
What is the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the respiratory system?
respond to changes in oxygen concentration (hypoxia) / reduction in arteriol PO2 -> stimulates chemoreceptors -> neural signals sent from carotid and aortic bodies to NTS in brainstem
29
What is the structure of peripheral chemoreceptors in the respiratory system?
small / highly vascularised bodies / found within aortic arch and carotid sinuses
30
What is the role of mechanoreceptors in the respiratory system?
detect changes in pressure , movement and touch // detect movement in lungs and chest wall// e.g. inflammation of lungs -> actives mechanoreceptors -> neural signals sent via vagus nerve to NTS in brainstem -> ventilation is adjusted accordingly
31
What are the different types of brainstem respiratory neurones? What is their role in breathing?
RYTHM - pontine respiratory group // ventral respiratory group// Dorsal respiratory group
32
What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?
Illustrates relationships between partial pressure of oxygen and the number pf oxygen molecules bound to haemoglobin // higher the P02 the higher the percentage of saturated haemoglobin// s-shaped curve // above 60mmHg an increase or decrease in PO2 has minimal effect on Hb saturation
33
What is the structure of haemoglobin?
Found in RBC // 4 ion porphyrin compound grouped via globin proteins (two alpha and two beta chains )// it is the reduced ion which bind to the oxygen
34
What are the two main functions of the brainstem in relation to respiratory control?
1. NTS receives info from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors , this info is processed by respiratory neurones. // 2. generates rhythm of breathing-> these signals are sent to the respiratory muscles to create a response
35
What is the passageway of impulses sent from the brainstem?
1. Rhythmic output is produced// 2. rhythmic signal sent to spinal cord// 3. Phrenic nerve exits spinal cord at cervical spinal cord level 3-5 // 4. phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm // 5.nerves exiting thoracic spinal cord innervate intercostal muscles// SPINAL CORD => PHERENIC NERVE -> DIAPHRAGM -> INTERCOOSTAL MUSCLE
36
What does respiratory pharmacology refer to ?
the study of drugs and other treatments for the respiratory system.
37
What is asthma?
Recurrent reversible airway obstruction with attacks of wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath / A result of inflammation of airways and bronchial hyperreactivity(abnormal sensitivity to environment)
38
What are some triggers of asthma?
genetics // environemnt -allergies / dust / pollen // weather // exercise //pets // moulds // respiratory infections // cold air // stress // alcohol
39
What is the diagnosis of asthma?
Respiratory function test - using a spirometry to measure FEV1(force of expired volume in one second) and FVC (forced expired vital capacity = forced maximal expired gas following a full inspiration ) and peak flow
40
What are some structural changes which occur when an individual suffers from asthma?
Bronchial hyper reactivity // infiltration of inflammatory cells (inflammation) // oedema// mucus hypersecretion// smooth muscle cell hypertrophy or hyperplasia
41
What does pathophysiology refer to ?
the study of abnormal changes in body functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.
42
What are some treatments for asthma?
BRONCHODILATORS // ANTI-INFLMATATORY DRUGS
43
What is the mechanism of action of bronchodilators ?
relivers // target early (intermediate ) asthma stage // quick relaxation on muscles surrounding the narrowed airways// stimulates beta2-andrenoceptors E.G. BETA2 AGONIST (SALBUTAMIOL)
44
What is the mechanism of action anti inflammatory agents?
Preventers // target late (delayed ) response // prevents swelling and inflammation of airways E.G. GLUCOCORTICOIDS - prevent porgression to chornic asth,a via inhibiting the production of cytokines
45
What are some contemporary approaches to treating inflammatory airway diseases
46
What are afferent and efferent nerve pathways?
AFFERENT - sensory stimuli from lungs-> CNS (response to inflammation and exogenous chemicals) // EFFERENT - info from CNS -> muscle contraction and gland secretion (bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion)
47
What are some drugs used to treat respiratory disease? What is their function?
HISTAMINE -> broncho-constriction// ACETYCHOLINE-> broncho-constriction// CYSTEINYL LEUKOTRIENES -> broncho-constriction// ADRENALINE-> broncho-dilation//PROSTANOIDS-> brocho - constriction and dilation (dependent on cellular context and receptor it binds to)
48
What is a endogenous ligand?
a naturally occurring molecule produced within the body that binds to a specific receptor and triggers a cellular response
49
What is hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of individual cells within a tissue or organ, leading to its enlargement, while hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells within a tissue or organ, also causing it to grow larger
50
What are the two main stages of asthma?
1. INTERMEDIATE PHASE = fast onset after contact with allergen / stimuli// activates mast cells // results in bronchospasms /// 2.LATE PHASE= onset after hours of intermediate phase // progressive inflammation// infiltration and activation of Th2 cells and eosinophils // results in airway inflammation and hyper reactivity
51
What is the epithelial types of respiratory tract?
MUCOSA- nasal cavity // STRATIFIED SQUARMOUS- > pharynx // MUCOSA -> lower respiratory tract //CUBOIDAL -> bronchioles // SQUARMOUS -> alveoli
52
What is the difference between central and peripheral chemoreceptors?
CENTRAL ->located in brain , detect pH and CO2// PERIPHERAL = located in carotid and aortic vessels and detect pH and reduced oxygen
53
What is the effect of corticosteroid on airways?
reduces inflammation via binding to glucocorticoid receptors, decreasing production of inflammatory agents

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