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metabolic fuels + other dietary components Flashcards

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1
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism

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2
Q

what are the 4 main ways that dietary components are metabolised in cells

A

biosynthetic
fuel storage
oxidative processes
waste disposal

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3
Q

what are the two types of metabolic processes

A

anaobolic
catabolic

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4
Q

what are anabolic processes

A

synthesise larger molecules from smaller components

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5
Q

what are catabolic processes

A

break down larger molecules into smaller ones

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6
Q

are biosynthetic processes anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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7
Q

are fuel storage processes anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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8
Q

are oxidative processes anabolic or catabolic

A

catabolic

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9
Q

are waste disposal processes anabolic or catabolic

A

either

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10
Q

what does catabolism provide energy for

A
  • for cell processes from ‘fuel’ molecules
  • for anabolism
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11
Q

what does the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins do

A

produces ATP

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12
Q

what does Krebs cycle generate

A

NADH & FADH2

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13
Q

what occurs during oxidative phosphorylation

A

energy is conserved via transfer of electrons in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

what are the 3 electron accepting co enzymes

A

NAD+ —> NADH
NADP+ —> NADPH
FAD —> FADH

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15
Q

how does the electron transport chain produce ATP

A

It oxidises NADH and FAD2H which releases energy which is used to produce ATP

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16
Q

what does the electron transport chain consist of

A

4 complexes and associated compounds like ubiquinone
the complexes include cytochromes which contain haem

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17
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

85% fat
storage of energy rich molecules

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18
Q

what occurs in liver tissue

A

glyconeogenesis and removal of toxins

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19
Q

what are the 3 main dietary energy sources

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins

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20
Q

what are 7 dietary components

A

fuels
essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals
water
xenobiotics

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21
Q

how do we use dietary energy sources

A

dietary energy source + oxygen = ATP and CO2 and H20

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22
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids esterilice to one glycerol molecule
more reduced that other energy sources
“ saturated “ with hydrogen

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23
Q

where is fat stored

A

adipose tissue
which is only 15% water

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24
Q

where are carbohydrates stored

A

as glycogen In the liver and muscles

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25
where is protein stored
in muscle which is 80% water
26
how much energy is released per gram of carbohydrate
4 kcal/g
27
how much energy is released per gram of protein
4 kcal/g
28
how much energy is released per gram of alocohol
7kcal/g
29
how much energy is released per gram of lipid
9 kcal/g
30
what is the primary source of ATP supplied to the body at rest and during low intensity activities
The oxidative system (aerobic) It uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates
31
What is basal metabolic rate BMR
energy needed to stay alive at rest It is a measure of the energy required to maintain non excercise bodily functions
32
which functions are maintained by BMR (5)
respiration Contraction of the heart muscle biosynthetic processes repairing and regenerating tissue ion gradients across cell membranes
33
what are the conditions essential for measuring BMR (6)
post absorptive (12 hour fast) lying still at physical and mental rest thermo neutral environment ( 27-29 degrees Celsius) No tea/coffee/nicotine/alcohol in past 12 hours No heavy physical activity on previous day Establish steady state ( around 30 mins)
34
what happens if the conditions for BMR are not met
we refer to resting energy expenditure (REE) or resting metabolic rate (RMR)
35
effect of age on BMR
BMR decreases with age because as we get older we gain fat and lose muscle
36
what factors affect BMR (8)
age gender dieting / starvation hypothyroidism decreased muscle mass body weight (BMI) ambient temperature fever / infection / chronic disease
37
how does muscle mass affect BMR
muscle cells require more energy to maintain than fat cells so people with higher muscle to fat ratio will have higher BMR
38
how does body weight affect BMR
BMR increases with body weight (Bm)
39
effect of ambient temperature on BMR
low ambient temperature increases BMR
40
effect of fever/ infection / chronic disease on BMR
they increase it
41
what are the 3 equations for estimating BMR in health
Harris Benedict equations (1919) Schofield equations ( 1985) Henry equations (2005’
42
how can you adjust the henry equation (3)
- do it with or without height because in a clinical setting it can be hard to obtain height & other variables can invalidate the advantages of including height - can also adjust for metabolic stress - can adjust for activity and diet induced thermogenesis
43
what are the NHS nutrition guidelines for patients who are not severely ill or injured
25 - 35 kcal/kg/day
44
what occurs if you fast overnight
insulin level decreases glycogenolysis occurs because glucose must be formed from non carbohydrate sources
45
how much glucose does the brain require a day
about 150g
46
what occurs if you starve for 2-4 days
insulin level decreases cortisol level increases lipolysis and proteolysis occur (breakdown of proteins and triglycerides via a hydrolysis reaction)
47
what occurs if you starve for 2-4 days
insulin level decreases cortisol level increases lipolysis and proteolysis occur (breakdown of proteins and triglycerides via a hydrolysis reaction)
48
what does gluconeogenesis use
lactate amino acids - muscle, intestine & skin glycerol - for fat breakdown
49
what occurs if you starve for more than 4 days
liver --> ketones from fatty acids the brain adapts tp using ketones BMR decreases to accommodate
50
define malnutrition
a state of nutrition with a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy, protein or other nutrients, causing measurable adverse affects
51
what is affected by malnutrition
tissue/body form - shape, size, composition, body function clinical outcome
52
define refeeding
the potentially fatal shifts in fluids and electrolytes that may occur in malnourished patients receiving artificial refeeding These shifts result from hormonal and metabolic changes and may cause serious clinical complications.
53
what occurs in refeeding
the re distribution of phosphate, potassium, magnesium etc due to insulin switch back to carbohydrates as the main fuel which requires phosphate and thiamine
54
which essential nutrients can the body not synthesise
essential amino acids essential fatty acids vitamins minerals
55
what are micronutrients
vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts
56
uses of micronutrients (4)
co factors in metabolism gene expression structural components antioxidants
57
what is the name for vitamin C
abcorbic acid
58
what foods provide vitamin C
fruit and veg
59
uses of vitamin C (3)
collagen synthesis improve iron absorption antioxidant
60
uses of vitamin B12 (5)
protein synthesis dna synthesis regenerate folate fatty acid synthesis energy production
61
what is the name for vitamin B1 and what does it do
thiamine helps with energy production in your body
62
what is the name for vitamin B2 and what does it do
riboflavin helps with energy production in your body helps your body use other B vitamins
63
what is the name for vitamin B3 and what does it do
niacin helps your body to use protein, fat and carbohydrate to make energy helps enzymes work properly
64
what does biotin do
allows your body to use protein, fat and carbohydrates from food
65
what is the name for vitamin B6 and what does it do
pyridoxin helps your body to make and use protein and glycogen helps form haemoglobin which carries oxygen in your blood
66
what do low levels of vitamin B12 cause
anameia
67
what is the name for vitamin B12
cobalamin
68
what is the name for folate and what does it do
folic acid helps to produce and maintain DNA and cells helps to make red blood cells and prevent anaemia getting enough folic acid lowers the risk of having a baby with birth defects like spina bifida
69
what does vitamin C do (4)
- help prevent cel damage and reduce risk for certain cancers , heart disease and other diseases - collagen synthesis - helps heal cuts and wounds and keeps gums healthy - protects from infection by keeping immune system healthy - increases amount of iron body absorbs from foods
70
what does vitamin A do
- helps to see - protects from infection by keeping skin and other body parts healthy - promotes normal growth & development
71
what do carotenoids do
they are not vitamins but some types can turn into vitamin a in the body they act as antioxidants which protect your body from damage caused by free radicals
72
what does vitamin d do (3)
- increases amount of calcium and phosphorous your body absorbs from foods - deposits calcium and phosphorous in bones and teeth making them stronger - protects against infection by keeping immune system healthy
73
what does vitamin E do
- helps to maintain a healthy immune system and other body processes - acts as an antioxidant and protects cells from damage
74
what does vitamin K do
- makes proteins that cause our blood to clot when you are bleeding - involved in making body proteins for your blood, bones and kidneys
75
what is a prudent diet
- 5+ servings of fruit and veg - base your meals around starchy carbohydrate foods - no more than 5% of the energy we consume should come from sugars - 0.8g/kg/day protein - average man should have no more than 30g of saturated fat a day and women 20g - adults should have no more than 2.4 g of sodium per day, which is equal to 6g of salt - not to regularly drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week - avoid excess dietary supplementation - adequate calcium

IMMS lectures (22 decks)

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