Metabolic Reactions

Question 1

Define the term anabolism and catabolism, how are these 2 different?

Answer 1

• Anabolism requires energy to grow and build up complex molecules
• Catabolism uses energy to break down complex molecules through metabolism

Question 2

What are the 5 metabolic reactions?

Answer 2

• glycogenesis
• glycogenolysis
• gluconeogenesis
• lipolysis
• lipogenesis

Question 3

Describe what happens during Glycogenesis

Answer 3

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Question 4

What effect will glycogenesis have on blood glucose levels? (BGL)

Answer 4

Decrease BGL

Question 5

What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

Answer 5

Insulin

Question 6

Describe what happens during Glycogenolysis

Answer 6

Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

Question 7

What effect will glycogenolysis have on BGL?

Answer 7

Increase BGL

Question 8

What hormones stimulate glycogenolysis?

Answer 8

• Glucagon

- Adrenaline

Question 9

Describe what happens during Gluconeogenesis

Answer 9

Synthesis of glucose from glycerol, amino acids and lactic acid

Question 10

What effect will gluconeogenesis have on BGL?

Answer 10

Increase BGL

Question 11

What hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?

Answer 11

• Cortisol

- Glucagon

Question 12

Describe what happens during lipolysis

Answer 12

The breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 13

What effect will lipolysis have on BGL?

Answer 13

Increase BGL

Question 14

What hormones stimulate lipolysis?

Answer 14

• Adrenaline
• Cortisol
• Thyroid hormones
• Growth hormones

Question 15

Describe what happens during lipogenesis

Answer 15

Synthesis of lipids from glucose and amino acids

Question 16

What effect will lipogenesis have on BGL?

Answer 16

Decrease BGL

Question 17

What hormone stimulate lipogenesis?

Answer 17

Insulin

Question 18

State where glycogen is stored

Answer 18

Mostly in skeletal muscle fibres and some in liver cells

Question 19

Name the two products resulting from lipolysis

Answer 19

• Glycerol

- Fatty Acids

Question 20

What are ketone bodies (ketones) produced from?

Answer 20

If levels of CoA produced are too high for the kerbs cycle to process, the liver converts the CoA into ketone bodies

Question 21

Describe what causes an increase in ketones

Answer 21

• Overproduction of ketones occurs in conditions of:
  Severe starvation
  Uncontrolled diabetes

Question 22

List the clinical signs & symptoms that would result from excess ketones

Answer 22

• Change the chemical balance of your blood

- Dehydration

Question 23

Explain the clinical significance of excess ketones – state what homeostatic imbalance will occur

Answer 23

Ketone bodies are acidic and an excess production can lower blood pH and cause metabolic acidosis

Question 24

What is metabolic acidosis?

Answer 24

A decrease in blood pH caused by non-respiratory conditions

Question 25

Describe three uses for amino acids

Answer 25

- Can't be stored so regular intake is required - Synthesised to make new proteins to build/repair body tissues - Excess amino acids are broken down by the liver and: - Used for production of ATP - Converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis) and triglycerides (lipogenesis)

Question 26

What is one end product of amino acid catabolism?

Answer 26

Urea

Question 27

What are two tests to check the levels of urea?

Answer 27

- Blood tests (electrolytes and urea (U&E's) | - Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Question 28

State what elevated levels of urea would indicate

Answer 28

Kidney injury or disease is present

Question 29

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 29

Metabolic rate measured under resting/fasting conditions

Question 30

State four factors that would increase BMR

Answer 30

- Hormones - High body temperature - Ingestion of food - Exercise

Question 31

List five hormones that increase BMR

Answer 31

- Thyroxine - Adrenaline - Noradrenaline - Insulin - Growth hormone - Testosterone

Question 32

Where can Ketons be detected?

Answer 32

In the urine, and their breath may have a sweet smell

Question 33

Why are high levels of Ketons bad for us?

Answer 33

They are toxic to the brain

Question 34

Females tend to have what kind of BMR?

Answer 34

Lower BMR

Question 35

What type of lipid is stored in adipose tissue?

Answer 35

Triglycerides

Question 36

What is a metabolic reaction that builds up compounds?

Answer 36

Anabolic