Metabolic Syndrome Overview Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Group of symptoms that happen together that characterise a condition or an abnormality
A
syndrome
2
Q
cluster of risk factors that predispose to CVD and T2D
A
metabolic syndrome
3
Q
CVD
A
cardiovascular disease
4
Q
T2D
A
type 2 diabetes mellitus
5
Q
metabolic syndrome risk factors (4)
A
high blood pressure, raised fasting glucose, central obesity, dyslipidaemia
6
Q
dyslipidaemia is characterised by (2)
A
high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol
7
Q
HDL
A
high density lipoprotein
8
Q
other names for metabolic syndrome (8)
A
Syndrome X, dysmetabolic syndrome, insulin resistant syndrome, plurimetabolic syndrome, cardiometabolic syndrome, dyslipidemic hypertension, hyper triglyceridemic waist, deadly quartet
9
Q
BMI
A
body mass index
10
Q
how is BMI calculated
A
weight kg/height m^2
11
Q
annual incidence of metabolic syndrome
A
3%
12
Q
what % of Australian adults have Metabolic syndrome
A
35%
13
Q
elevated waist circumference cut off
A
population dependent
14
Q
triglyceride cut off
A
> 1.7 mmol/L
15
Q
HDL cut off men
A
<1.0 mmol/L
16
Q
HDL cut off women
A
<1.3 mmol/L
17
Q
systolic blood pressure cut off
A
> 130 mmHg
18
Q
diastolic blood pressure cut off
A
> 85 mmHg
19
Q
fasting blood glucose cut off
A
> 5.5 mmol/L
20
Q
central obesity increases risk of
A
CVD and T2D
21
Q
risk factors for CVD (3)
A
high triglycerides, reduced HDL, elevated blood pressure
22
Q
what increases risk of T2D
A
insulin resistance
23
Q
what % of insulin resistant patients have normal glucose tolerance
A
25%
24
Q
European/North American men waist
A
> 102 cm
25
European/North American women waist
>88cm
26
Asian men waist
>90 cm
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Asian women waist
>80 cm
28
Central and South American men waist
>90 cm
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Central and South American women waist
>80 cm
30
Middle easter and mediterranean men waist
>94 cm
31
Middle eastern and mediterranean women waist
>80 cm
32
sub saharan african men waist
>94 cm
33
sub saharan african women waist
>80 cm
34
where is subcutaneous fat
under the skin
35
what is viscereal fat also known as
hidden fat
36
what is visceral fat associated with (4)
high tiglycerides, insulin resistance, inflammation, altered cytokines
37
what does visceral fat lead to less of
leptin
38
what does visceral fat produce more of
cortisol
39
TOFI
thin outside fat inside
40
can you be metabolically fat but still fit
yes
41
how many alcohols on glycerol
3
42
3 glycerols on a mixed triacylglycerol (3)
stearoyl, linoleoyl, palmitoyl
43
what is inside a white adipocyte (2)
triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters
44
what is the membrane of a white adipocyte
phospholipid monolayer
45
what is in the membrane of a white adipocyte
free unesterified cholesterol
46
what is on the surface of white adipocytes
ApoB 100
47
TAG
triacylglycerol
48
What can TAGs be broken down into
free fatty acids
49
stage 1 of TAG breakdown
beta oxidation
50
stage 1 of TAG breakdown produces (3)
28 electrons, NADH, FADH2
51
stage 2 of TAG breakdown
citric acid cycle
52
beta oxidation in TAG breakdown prroduces
8 Acetyl Co A
53
citric acid cycle in TAG breakdown produces (4)
NADH, FADH2, 64 electrons, 16CO2
54
Stage 3 of TAG breakdown
oxidative phosphorylation
55
NADH and FADH2 are transferred to
respiratory (electron transfer) chain with an electron
56
what is produced in the respiratory chain (2)
water and ATP
57
why are fatty acids good
energy rich
58
where do triglycerides and cholesterol circulate
blood
59
what does high TG contribute to
atherosclerosis
60
what is atherosclerosis
thickened and hardened blood vessels
61
what do high triglycerides normally coincide with
low HDL
62
high triglycerides is a risk factor for
fat accumulation in pancreas
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pancreatic fat accumulation can lead to
pancreatitis
64
what is HDL cholesterol a precursor for (3)
steroid hormone, bile salts, vitamin D
65
is cholesterol made in plants
no
66
what is cholesterol needed for
cell membrane
67
where does cholesterol come fun
we make it
68
cholesterol becomes (4)
hydroxysterols, steroid hormones, cholesteryl esters, bile acids
69
bile acid
taurocholic acid
70
cholesterol to choleseryl ester uses (2)
ACAT, fatty acyl-CoA to CoA-SH
71
ACAT
acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyl transferase
72
how is cholesterol prepped for transport
fatty acid esterification 3-OH
73
why is fatty acid esterification 3-OH needed for
makes it hydrophobic
74
How is cholesterol transported
in lipoprotein
75
lipoprotein example
VLDL
76
VLDL
very low density lipoprotein
77
what is on the surface of lipoproteins
ApoB 100
78
inside of lipoproteins (3)
triaacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters, phospholipid monolayer
79
what is in the lipoprotein phospholipid monolayer
free unesterified cholesterol
80
types of lipoproteins (4)
chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL
81
what does ingested fat first encounter
gallbladder
82
what does the gallbladder release
bile salts
83
what do bile salts do
emulsify dietary fat
84
where is dietary fat emulsified
small intestines
85
what does dietary fat become once emulsified
mixed micelles
86
what degrades triacylglycerols in the small intestines
intestinal lipases
87
what uptakes fatty acids and broken down products
intestinal mucosa
88
when fatty acids are uptaken what are they converted to
triacyglycerols
89
what makes up chylomicrons (3)
triacylglycerols, cholesterol, apolipoproteins
90
apolipoprotein example
ApoCII
91
where do chylomicrons move to
tissue
92
where do chylomicrons travel (2)
lymphatics and bloodstream
93
where is lipoprotein lipase located
capillaries
94
what activates lipoprotein lipase
ApoCII
95
what does lipoprotein lipase convert triacylglycerols into (2)
fatty acids and glycerol
96
where do fatty acids go
into cells
97
where are fatty acids stored (2)
myocytes or adipocytes
98
what are fatty acids oxidised for
fuel
99
what happens to fatty acids for storage
reesterified
100
TAGs cross the intestinal mucosa into
intestinal enterocytes
101
what is located on the surface of chylomicrons (3)
ApoCII, ApoB48, ApoE
102
where do chylomicron remenants go
liver
103
what are chylomicron remenants converted into
cholesterol
104
free fatty acids are stored where (3)
muscle, adipose tissue, mammary glands
105
chylomicron pathway is the what pathway
exogenous pathway
106
dietary fat uptake via bile salts is the which pathway
enterohepatic pathway
107
cholesterol in the liver enters what (3)
enterohepatic pathway, cholesterol ester, reverse cholesterol transport
108
cholesterol esters enter which pathway
endogenous pathway
109
cholesterol esters become
VLDL
110
VLDL are transported in the
blood
111
VLDL become
IDL
112
IDL becomes
FFA or LDL
113
LDL converted to (3)
cholesterol and stored, hepatic cholesterol, cholesterol in macrophage foam cells
114
cholesterol converted to what in reverse cholesterol transport
HDL
115
HDL take to
macrophage foam cells
116
cholesterol from macrophage foam cells bind to which receptors on live (2)
SRBI or LDL receptor
117
where are HDL precursors from (2)
liver and intestines
118
where do VLDL remnants go (IDL)
liver
119
LDL can go to
extrahepatic tissue
120
what happens to chylomicron remnants in liver
degradation in lysosomes
121
when is endogenous pathway used
excess dietary fat
122
what happens to VLDL when insulin is high
lipids to adipose storage
123
what happens to VLDL when insulin is low
lipids from adipose to muscle for oxidation for energy
124
when cholesterol is converted to bile salts what happens to the bile salts
reabsorbed and returned to the gall bladder
125
what is a risk factor for atherosclerosis
dyslipidaemia
126
how is atherosclerosis avoided
HDL transporting cholesterol back to liver
127
what happens to blood vessels in atherosclerosis
damaged
128
in atherosclerosis what do monocytes become
macrophages
129
what do macrophages do in atherosclerosis
engulf modified LDL
130
what are atheroscleroic plaques high in
cholesterol
131
what do macrophages become in atherosclerosis
foam cells
132
what do monocytes and lipoproteins do in atherosclerosis (2)
aggregate and stick to ECM
133
where does free cholesterol accumulate in atherosclerosis (2)
membranes and droplets
134
where do atherosclerotic plaques form
arterial wall
135
HDL picks up cholesterol via
LCAT
136
LCAT
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase
137
atherosclerosis can lead to (7)
apoptosis, necrosis, tissue damage, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke
138
what type of LDL accumulates in plaques
oxidised
139
what favours LDL accumulation in plaques
high LDL
140
how do endothelial cells react to LDL accumulation in plaques
display adhesion molecules
141
what invades tissue when adhesion molecules displayed
monocytes and T cells
142
monocytes and T cells are
white cells
143
what accumulates in artery walls
modified oxidised LDL
144
what favours LDL accumulation in artery walls
high LDL
145
how do endothelial cells in the artery react to LDL accumulation
display adhesion molecules
146
when endothelial arterial cells display adhesion molecules what invades (3)
white blood cells (monocytes and T cells)
147
what do monocytes and T cells secrete
inflammatory mediators/cytokines
148
what responds to cytokines in atherosclerosis
macrophages
149
what do macrophages do in atherosclerosis
take up modified LDL with scavenger cells
150
when do macrophages become foam cells
when engorged with cholesterol
151
what develops to trap foam cells
atheroma
152
what is an atheroma
fibrous tissue plaque
153
what do foam cells produce
tissue factor
154
what can tissue factor do
blood clot when plaque ruptures
155
how do LDL stay in arterial walls (2)
aggregate and stick to ECM
156
