Metabolism

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

the sum of all chemical reactions occurring within the cells of the body

Question 2

What are the two types of metabolism? what do they do?

Answer 2

1. Catabolic
   
   • large molecules to small
   • releases energy
2. anabolic
   
   • small molecules to large
   • requires energy

Question 3

What are nutrients?

Answer 3

• any substances required for metabolism
• e.g. water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins

Question 4

what are enzymes?

Answer 4

biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions/processes in the body

Question 5

What is the part of the molecule that combines with the substrate?

Answer 5

Active Site

Question 6

enzyme + substrate =

Answer 6

enzyme substrate complex

Question 7

What are the 7 factors that effect enzyme activity?

Answer 7

• enzyme concentration
• substrate concentration
• product removal
• temperature
• ph levels
• co factors or co enzymes
• enzyme inhibitors

Question 8

What are organic compounds? + examples

Answer 8

large molecules that contain a carbon chain.
- e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins

Question 9

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 9

contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 10

What are the types of Carbohydrates? + examples

Answer 10

1. monosaccharides
   
   • simple sugars (e.g. glucose)
2. disaccharides
   
   • two simple sugars (e.g maltose)
3. polysaccharides
   
   • many simple sugars (e.g. glycogen)

Question 11

What are lipids?

Answer 11

• Are fatty organic compounds that help perform a variety of functions in the body
• glycerol molecule + 1, 2 or 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 12

What is the most common lipid in our body?

Answer 12

-tryglyceride
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 13

What are proteins?

Answer 13

organic compound made up of many amino acids

Question 14

What are the types of proteins?

Answer 14

1. peptide bond
   
   • amino acids bonded
   • release water molecule
2. dipeptide
   
   • 2 amino acids bonded
3. polypeptide
   
   • more than 10 amino acids bonded

Question 15

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 15

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 16

What does ADP stand for?

Answer 16

Adenosine diphosphate

Question 17

What are inorganic compounds? + examples

Answer 17

do not contain a carbon chain (e.g. water, minerals, vitamins)

Question 18

Why is water important?

Answer 18

• other substances dissolve in it
• water molecules take part in some chemical reactions

Question 19

Why are minerals important?

Answer 19

• part of enzymes
• part of substances like ATP involves in metabolism

Question 20

Why are vitamins important?

Answer 20

• act as a coenzyme for many chemical reactions in metabolism

Question 21

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 21

process where organic molecules break down in the cells to release energy

Question 22

Cellular respiration equation:

Answer 22

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Question 23

What is glycolysis?

Answer 23

break down of glucose into 2 pyruvates

Question 24

What are the steps of cellular respiration? (brief)

Answer 24

1. glycolysis
2. if no oxygen available –> anaerobic respiration
3. if there is oxygen available –>aerobic respiration

Question 25

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 25

pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid - then taken to liver to combine with oxygen and form glucose again

Question 26

What are the steps of aerobic respiration?

Answer 26

1. pyruvate turns into acetyl coenzyme A 2. The acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle, producing 2 ATP 3. Electron transport system - oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed here resulting in oxygen molecules producing water. --> number of ATP produced is 38

Question 27

what is oxygen debt? and how is it repaid?

Answer 27

- the lack of oxygen through exercise, more oxygen is needed than being produced. - Oxygen repaid through heavy breathing , hyperventilating

Question 28

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

Where does glycolysis and anaerobic respiration occur?

Answer 29

Cytosol