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Anatomy and Physiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

why is ATP utilized as the primary source of energy in the human body?

A

1.there is a relatively large amount of energy held in the bonds between the phosphate groups.
2. the chemical reactions that make up human metabolism all have ATP as one of their end products.
3. when ATP is initially used and the first phosphate group is cleaved and its energy is released, ADP can combine with another ADP to recreate ATP, which allows bodies to replenish energy sources quickly in some circumstances.

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2
Q

The 3 energy systems

A
  1. phosphocreatine system (also called the ATP-PC system or the phosphagen system)
  2. the glycolytic system
  3. the oxidative system.
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3
Q

Phosphocreatine system

A

An energy system that utilizes creatine-phosphate to create ATP.

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4
Q

Glycolytic system

A

An energy system that utilizes glucose to create ATP.

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5
Q

Oxidative system

A

An energy system that utilizes Acetyl-CoA and oxygen to create ATP.

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6
Q

Creatine kinase

A

A reaction present in the phosphocreatine system that facilitates the transfer of phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP to create ATP.

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7
Q

What system is called the first energy system?

A

the ATP-PC system because it is the one that generally provides the bulk of the energy during the initial phases of physical movement and often supplies most of the energy for very short-duration activities (a 100-meter dash or a max effort squat).

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8
Q

The phosphocreatine system utilizes two chemical reactions:

A

the creatine kinase reaction and the myokinase reaction.

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9
Q

How much ATP comes from the creatine kinase reaction?

A

-the body can only create one new ATP molecule from one molecule of creatine phosphate
-it takes roughly 3 to 5 minutes for the creatine to be recycled back into creatine phosphate;

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10
Q

Myokinase reaction

A

A reaction present in the phosphocreatine system that facilitates the transfer of phosphate from one ADP molecule to another ADP molecule to create one ATP and one AMP.

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11
Q

The myokinase reaction takes ___ ADP molecules and moves the phosphate from one of them to the other to create one ATP molecule and one ________

A

-2 ADP
-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

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12
Q

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

A

A molecule that is formed after ATP loses two of its phosphate groups.

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13
Q

when AMP starts to build up, that serves as a signal for the body to start ramping up the next energy system, _________

A

glycolysis

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14
Q

How does the supplement creatine work?

A

-supplementation helps increase the body’s natural stores of creatine to above normal levels, which in turn allows the body to have more creatine phosphate.
-This means that supplementing with creatine can increase the total capacity of the phosphagen energy system.

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15
Q

Glycolysis

A

The set of chemical reactions in the glycolytic energy system that converts glucose into ATP.

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16
Q

pyruvate

A

One of the primary end products of glycolysis.

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17
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and hydrogen (NADH)

A

One of the primary carriers of electrons in human metabolism that helps generate energy through the electron transport chain.

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18
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen

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19
Q

GLUT4

A

A transport protein that transports glucose from circulation into cells.

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20
Q

Hexokinase

A

An enzyme that phosphorylates glucose once inside muscle cells.

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21
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

An enzyme that helps create free glucose from glycogen.

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22
Q

Phosphoglucomutase

A

An enzyme that helps create glucose-6-phosphate from glucose-1-phosphate.

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23
Q

Whereas the primary substrate for the phosphagen system was ___________________, the primary substrate for glycolysis is _________.

A

-creatine phosphate
-glucose

24
Q

The primary outputs of glycolysis are:

A

ATP and pyruvate

25
Q

The by-products of glycolysis are:

A

hydrogen ions and NADH

26
Q

the process of glycolysis begins with ________

A

glucose

27
Q

where does the glucose that begins glycolysis come from?

A

-comes from either free glucose that enters the cell from the bloodstream
-or it can come from the stored form of glucose, glycogen, that is already in the cell.

28
Q

Glycogen is stored in the ________ and the _____ and is a large molecule of many glucose molecules bonded together.

A

muscles and the liver

29
Q

why is ATP required to start glycolysis?

A

Individual glucose molecules can be freed from the larger glycogen molecule through glycogenolysis, which requires ATP

30
Q

When free glucose is brought into the cell from the bloodstream it is transported into the cell through a transport protein known as _________

A

GLUT4

31
Q

Once inside the cell, the glucose molecule has a phosphate added onto it by an enzyme called ________, converting the glucose molecule into _______________-

A

hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate.

32
Q

_________________ can then be used to produce ATP and other products through glycolysis.

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

33
Q

When glucose comes from glycogen it is cleaved off the larger molecule by an enzyme called ___________________

A

glycogen phosphorylase

34
Q

the glucose molecule that is freed from glycogen exists in the form of ______________________ which must then be converted into glucose-6-phosphate through the help of an enzyme known as _______________ in order for it to be used for glycolysis.

A

-glucose-1-phosphate
-phosphoglucomutase

35
Q

Once glucose begins the process of glycolysis, it undergoes a series of reactions that culminate in the production of _______ and ___________, along with a few chemicals by products, __________, __________

A

-ATP
-Pyruvate
-NADH
-lactate

36
Q

Lactate

A

A molecule that is created from pyruvate under anaerobic conditions.

37
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

A molecule that is formed from pyruvate, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, or amino acid metabolism and serves as the main substrate for the Krebs cycle.

38
Q

one glucose molecule ends up creating ____ ATP molecules, ____ NADH molecules, and ___ pyruvate molecules

A

4 atp, 2 nadh, 2 pyruvate

39
Q

What is the NET gain of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, because although 4 are created, 2 were needed at the start

40
Q

What happens to pyruvate at the end of glycolysis?

A
  • it either gets converted into a molecule known as acetyl-CoA or it gets converted into lactate.
41
Q

two principle conditions drive the majority of the conditions that determine pyruvate’s outcome:

A

the availability of oxygen and the rate of glycolysis.

42
Q

________ is formed from pyruvate when sufficient oxygen is present and glycolysis proceeds at a moderate rate

A

Acetyl-CoA

43
Q

acetyl-CoA can be used for other metabolic processes, such as _______________

A

oxidative metabolism

44
Q

__________ is formed when there is insufficient oxygen and when glycolysis is occurring very rapidly.

A

lactate

45
Q

function of lactate

A

-helps to maintain acid-base balance in muscle cells by functioning as a hydrogen acceptor.
-can also be used to regenerate energy through the Cori cycle where it is converted back to glucose.

46
Q

why is lactate associated with poor performance?

A

-lactic acid is often associated with muscle fatigue and soreness
- the buildup of hydrogen ions and other metabolic products is the cause of bad performance. Lactate is considered a “marker” of that status of that build up, but not the causal factor itself.

47
Q

In muscle cells, the cytosol/cytoplasm is referred to as the ____________

A

sarcoplasm

48
Q

How is oxidative metabolism different from the phosphagen system and the glycolytic system?

A
  1. the oxidative system needs oxygen. 2. 2. oxidative metabolism can utilize carbohydrates, fatty acids, and protein as a substrate for fuel.
  2. oxidative metabolism involves two linked, but entirely separate, sets of chemical reactions.
  3. oxidative metabolism requires the mitochondria whereas the other two occur entirely in the cytosol.
49
Q

substrate

A

A substance that is utilized in chemical reactions.

50
Q

An organelle found in cells that is primarily responsible for oxidative metabolism.

A

mitochondria

51
Q

The main part of a cell that is found between the nucleus and the cell membrane.

A

cytosol

52
Q

beta-oxidation

A

A chemical process that creates 2-carbon molecules from much larger fatty acids.

53
Q

Ketones

A

A chemical structure that refers to a functional group in organic chemistry. In physiology it often refers to the ketone bodies, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone, which are manufactured in the liver when energy intake is low or carbohydrate intake is low.

54
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

A set of chemical reactions that convert acetyl-CoA into ATP and NADH and FADH2.

55
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH₂)

A

One of the primary carriers of electrons in human metabolism that helps generate energy through the electron transport chain.

56
Q

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A

A series of chemical reactions that transfer electrons to oxygen to create an energy gradient that ultimately makes ATP.

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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