Skeletal System

Question 1

how many bones are in the adult body?

Answer 1

206

Question 2

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 2

80 bones, including
-the skull,
-vertebral column
- thoracic cage

Question 3

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Answer 3

all bones of the upper and lower limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles
-126 bones

Question 4

The axial skeletal forms the _________and _______ axis of the skeletal system

Answer 4

vertical and central

Question 5

Types of Bone

Answer 5

-flat bone
-Irregular Bone
-sesamoid bone
-long bone
-short bone

Question 6

function of flat bone

Answer 6

have a flattened broad surface and provide protections such as the skull and sternum.

Question 7

function of short bones

Answer 7

provide specialized movements such as with carpal and tarsal bones in hands and feet, respectively

Question 8

function of irregular bones

Answer 8

serve as sources of muscle attachment and movement provision

Question 9

function of sesamoid bones

Answer 9

serve as a source of tendon and muscle attachment and movement provision

Question 10

function of short bones

Answer 10

serve as a source of tendon and muscle attachment and movement provision

Question 11

diaphysis

Answer 11

the long shaft of a long bone

Question 12

Within the diaphysis of the bone is a hollow canal known as the _____________

Answer 12

medullary cavity

Question 13

Prior to each enlarged end of the diaphysis is the __________

Answer 13

metaphysis

Question 14

Each enlarged end of the bone is called the _________

Answer 14

epiphysis

Question 15

epiphyseal disk

Answer 15

-structure in the epiphysis hat is active prior to skeletal maturity in the early to mid-20s.
-known as the growth plate

Question 16

What is the function and location of articular cartilage?

Answer 16

-located at the tip of the epiphysis
-protects the bone surface and provide cushioning at freely movable joints such as the hip, knee, and shoulder

Question 17

periosteum

Answer 17

the membranous covering on the outer surface of a long bone

Question 18

The osseous bone tissue of the long bone is composed of two types:

Answer 18

compact and spongy bone

Question 19

compact bone

Answer 19

-also known as cortical bone
-hard, thick, and dense osseous tissue that provides structural support and protection

Question 20

The majority of the diaphysis is composed of ________

Answer 20

compact bone

Question 21

what parts of a long bone are comprised of spongy bone?

Answer 21

The inner lining of the medullary cavity and the bone tissue at the epiphyses

Question 22

spongy bone

Answer 22

also known as cancellous bone, is softer than compact bone because the bone matrix is much less dense.

Question 23

Connective tissues are characterized by

Answer 23

a dense fibrous intercellular matrix with relatively few cells comprising the matrix, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

Question 24

Which connective tissues are avascular?

Answer 24

-cartilage
-tendons
-ligaments

Question 25

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Answer 25

loose connective tissue, -adipose tissue, -dense fibrous connective tissue -elastic connective tissue, -cartilage, -osseous tissue (bone) -blood.

Question 26

function of cartilage

Answer 26

-unites the bone of cartilaginous joints, covers the articular surface of bones comprising freely movable synovial -provides the framework for developing bones during the process of endochondral ossification

Question 27

How does cartilage get blood?

Answer 27

Most of the blood supply to cartilage comes from diffusion from blood vessels that are located in the perichondrium (a fibrous connective tissue that covers cartilage).

Question 28

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 28

- semi-transparent and appears bluish-white in color -strong but flexible and elastic -reduces friction at joints, supports joints, stabilizes and facilitates joint movement

Question 29

Where does hyaline cartilage occur?

Answer 29

occurs in the trachea, larynx, tip of the nose, the connections between the ribs and the sternum, and also the ends of bone at the articular surface of joints.

Question 30

Fibrocartilage

Answer 30

-collagenous bundles that take up a direction parallel to the cartilage -extremely tough

Question 31

where does fibrocartilage occur?

Answer 31

-found as discs between the vertebrae, - between the pubic bones in front of the pelvic girdle at the pubic symphysis, -and around the edges of the articular cavities such as the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joint, forming the glenoid labrum.

Question 32

function of fibrocartilage

Answer 32

shock absorption, provides joint stability without impeding movement, and provides joint stability by deepening the articular fossa.

Question 33

elastic cartilage

Answer 33

-similar to hyaline cartilage, but in addition to the collagenous fibers, the matrix of the elastic also contains an abundant network of branched yellow elastic fibers. -runs through the matrix in many directions -maintains shape

Question 34

where does elastic cartilage occur?

Answer 34

the lobe of the ear, epiglottis and in parts of the larynx

Question 35

What are the two Subtypes of connective tissue?

Answer 35

Loose and Regular

Question 36

Regular dense connective tissue

Answer 36

-has the collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other, so that it has a strong unidirectional resistance to stress -makes up tendons and ligaments

Question 37

What are the subtypes of dense connective tissue?

Answer 37

-dense regular and dense irregular

Question 38

joints are also known as...

Answer 38

articulations

Question 39

tendon vs ligament

Answer 39

-TENDONS connect MUSCLE to BONE -LIGAMENTS connect BONE to BONE

Question 40

what makes up the majority of the fibers of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within dense connective tissue?

Answer 40

collagen fibers

Question 41

How are joints classified structurally?

Answer 41

-fibrous (no joint cavity/capsule), -cartilaginous (no joint cavity/capsule), and -synovial (joint cavity/capsule).

Question 42

How are joints classified functionally?

Answer 42

-synarthrodial (immovable), -amphiarthrodial (slightly movable) and -diarthrodial (freely movable).

Question 43

synarthrodial

Answer 43

immovable

Question 44

amphiarthrodial

Answer 44

slightly movable

Question 45

diarthrodial

Answer 45

freely movable

Question 46

which structural joint types have no joint capsule/cavity?

Answer 46

The fibrous and cartilaginous joints

Question 47

Symphysis joints

Answer 47

cartilaginous joints formed by a fibrocartilage disk that units two bones, such as the symphysis pubis and intervertebral joints.

Question 48

synchondrosis joints

Answer 48

cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites two bones as is found in the epiphyseal disks (growth plates on long bones).

Question 49

synovial joint

Answer 49

-diarthrodial -has capsule -6 different types of diarthrodial joints

Question 50

6 types of diarthrodial joints

Answer 50

-planar arthrodial joint -pivot trochoid joint -hinge ginglymus joint -saddle, sellar joint -ellipsoid or condyloid joint -ball and socket, enarthrodial joint

Question 51

what is bone tissue comprised of?

Answer 51

osteoblasts (immature bone cells), osteocytes (mature bone cells), and osteoclasts (specialized cells which degrade bone tissue).

Question 52

What hormones impact longitudinal growth?

Answer 52

-growth hormone (GH) -insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) -oxytocin

Question 53

what impacts appositional (diameter) growth?

Answer 53

-growth hormone -parathyroid hormone (in very tiny intervals)

Question 54

The major systemic regulators in bone remodeling are:

Answer 54

PTH, calcitriol, GH, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and testosterone and estradiol

Question 55

why is bone remodeling systemic?

Answer 55

it involves hormones and is impacted by axial loading