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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones are in the adult body?

A

206

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

80 bones, including
-the skull,
-vertebral column
- thoracic cage

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3
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

all bones of the upper and lower limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles
-126 bones

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4
Q

The axial skeletal forms the _________and _______ axis of the skeletal system

A

vertical and central

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5
Q

Types of Bone

A

-flat bone
-Irregular Bone
-sesamoid bone
-long bone
-short bone

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6
Q

function of flat bone

A

have a flattened broad surface and provide protections such as the skull and sternum.

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7
Q

function of short bones

A

provide specialized movements such as with carpal and tarsal bones in hands and feet, respectively

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8
Q

function of irregular bones

A

serve as sources of muscle attachment and movement provision

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9
Q

function of sesamoid bones

A

serve as a source of tendon and muscle attachment and movement provision

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10
Q

function of short bones

A

serve as a source of tendon and muscle attachment and movement provision

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11
Q

diaphysis

A

the long shaft of a long bone

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12
Q

Within the diaphysis of the bone is a hollow canal known as the _____________

A

medullary cavity

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13
Q

Prior to each enlarged end of the diaphysis is the __________

A

metaphysis

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14
Q

Each enlarged end of the bone is called the _________

A

epiphysis

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15
Q

epiphyseal disk

A

-structure in the epiphysis hat is active prior to skeletal maturity in the early to mid-20s.
-known as the growth plate

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16
Q

What is the function and location of articular cartilage?

A

-located at the tip of the epiphysis
-protects the bone surface and provide cushioning at freely movable joints such as the hip, knee, and shoulder

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17
Q

periosteum

A

the membranous covering on the outer surface of a long bone

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18
Q

The osseous bone tissue of the long bone is composed of two types:

A

compact and spongy bone

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19
Q

compact bone

A

-also known as cortical bone
-hard, thick, and dense osseous tissue that provides structural support and protection

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20
Q

The majority of the diaphysis is composed of ________

A

compact bone

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21
Q

what parts of a long bone are comprised of spongy bone?

A

The inner lining of the medullary cavity and the bone tissue at the epiphyses

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22
Q

spongy bone

A

also known as cancellous bone, is softer than compact bone because the bone matrix is much less dense.

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23
Q

Connective tissues are characterized by

A

a dense fibrous intercellular matrix with relatively few cells comprising the matrix, such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

24
Q

Which connective tissues are avascular?

A

-cartilage
-tendons
-ligaments

25
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

loose connective tissue,
-adipose tissue,
-dense fibrous connective tissue
-elastic connective tissue,
-cartilage,
-osseous tissue (bone)
-blood.

26
Q

function of cartilage

A

-unites the bone of cartilaginous joints, covers the articular surface of bones comprising freely movable synovial
-provides the framework for developing bones during the process of endochondral ossification

27
Q

How does cartilage get blood?

A

Most of the blood supply to cartilage comes from diffusion from blood vessels that are located in the perichondrium (a fibrous connective tissue that covers cartilage).

28
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • semi-transparent and appears bluish-white in color
    -strong but flexible and elastic
    -reduces friction at joints, supports joints, stabilizes and facilitates joint movement
29
Q

Where does hyaline cartilage occur?

A

occurs in the trachea, larynx, tip of the nose, the connections between the ribs and the sternum, and also the ends of bone at the articular surface of joints.

30
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-collagenous bundles that take up a direction parallel to the cartilage
-extremely tough

31
Q

where does fibrocartilage occur?

A

-found as discs between the vertebrae,
- between the pubic bones in front of the pelvic girdle at the pubic symphysis,
-and around the edges of the articular cavities such as the glenoid cavity in the shoulder joint, forming the glenoid labrum.

32
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

shock absorption, provides joint stability without impeding movement, and provides joint stability by deepening the articular fossa.

33
Q

elastic cartilage

A

-similar to hyaline cartilage, but in addition to the collagenous fibers, the matrix of the elastic also contains an abundant network of branched yellow elastic fibers.
-runs through the matrix in many directions
-maintains shape

34
Q

where does elastic cartilage occur?

A

the lobe of the ear, epiglottis and in parts of the larynx

35
Q

What are the two Subtypes of connective tissue?

A

Loose and Regular

36
Q

Regular dense connective tissue

A

-has the collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other, so that it has a strong unidirectional resistance to stress
-makes up tendons and ligaments

37
Q

What are the subtypes of dense connective tissue?

A

-dense regular and dense irregular

38
Q

joints are also known as…

A

articulations

39
Q

tendon vs ligament

A

-TENDONS connect MUSCLE to BONE
-LIGAMENTS connect BONE to BONE

40
Q

what makes up the majority of the fibers of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within dense connective tissue?

A

collagen fibers

41
Q

How are joints classified structurally?

A

-fibrous (no joint cavity/capsule), -cartilaginous (no joint cavity/capsule),
and
-synovial (joint cavity/capsule).

42
Q

How are joints classified functionally?

A

-synarthrodial (immovable), -amphiarthrodial (slightly movable)
and
-diarthrodial (freely movable).

43
Q

synarthrodial

A

immovable

44
Q

amphiarthrodial

A

slightly movable

45
Q

diarthrodial

A

freely movable

46
Q

which structural joint types have no joint capsule/cavity?

A

The fibrous and cartilaginous joints

47
Q

Symphysis joints

A

cartilaginous joints formed by a fibrocartilage disk that units two bones, such as the symphysis pubis and intervertebral joints.

48
Q

synchondrosis joints

A

cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites two bones as is found in the epiphyseal disks (growth plates on long bones).

49
Q

synovial joint

A

-diarthrodial
-has capsule
-6 different types of diarthrodial joints

50
Q

6 types of diarthrodial joints

A

-planar arthrodial joint
-pivot trochoid joint
-hinge ginglymus joint
-saddle, sellar joint
-ellipsoid or condyloid joint
-ball and socket, enarthrodial joint

51
Q

what is bone tissue comprised of?

A

osteoblasts (immature bone cells), osteocytes (mature bone cells), and osteoclasts (specialized cells which degrade bone tissue).

52
Q

What hormones impact longitudinal growth?

A

-growth hormone (GH)
-insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
-oxytocin

53
Q

what impacts appositional (diameter) growth?

A

-growth hormone
-parathyroid hormone (in very tiny intervals)

54
Q

The major systemic regulators in bone remodeling are:

A

PTH, calcitriol, GH, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and testosterone and estradiol

55
Q

why is bone remodeling systemic?

A

it involves hormones and is impacted by axial loading

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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