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Bisc 220 > metabolism > Flashcards

metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems

A

glucose used to produce ATP, initial step in all of this is photosynthesis (in chloroplasts); photosynthesis produces organic molecules and O2, cellullar respiration produces CO2 and H2O, photosynthesis uses these and light energy

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2
Q

energy and systems

A

energy can take on a number of different forms, the type depends on the stability and complexity of system

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3
Q

heat

A

energy that results from random molecular movement, temperature measures that energy, heat is often end point of metabolic processes

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4
Q

potential energy

A

capacity to do work, energy within a molecule is potential energy

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5
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy contained within a moving object, heat is kinetic energy of randomly moving molecules

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6
Q

entropy

A

a measure of the degree of disorder in a system, the organization of matter tends towards an increasing degree of disorder unless energy is expending to keep entropy low, increase in entropy in universe every time there is an energy transfer

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7
Q

entropy of biological systems

A

usually have great order (low randomness and low entropy), to maintain this low entropy, energy is required

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8
Q

free energy

A

the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work, at any given temp. free energy is difference between total energy of system and its degree of entropy; unstable system (low entropy greater free energy

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9
Q

delta G, free energy equation

A

free energy of system (G) = total energy (H) - (temp x its entropy (TS))

delta G equation

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10
Q

negative delta G

A

system has given up free energy, energy is released to do work, EXERGONIC

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11
Q

positive delta G

A

system has gained free energy, energy is absorbed to the system, ENDERGONIC

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12
Q

spontaneity

A

the tendency of a physical or chemical change to proceed spontaneously, nothing about rate, gravitational motion, diffusion, chemical reaction

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13
Q

metabolism

A

cells can take the energy from exergonic reactions to drive the energy for endergonic reactions; cells use fuel molecules to perform exergonic reactions to release free energy

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14
Q

cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + ^O2 -> 6COO2 + 6H2O (needed for next lectures!!), non-polar bonds to polar covalent bonds, glucose goes from less stable and more complex (low entropy) to more stable and less complex (higher entropy); energy for other direction comes from sunlight

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15
Q

releasing energy from cells

A

cells release energy in small packets that re more easily used for other processes with little release of heat; molecule that couples exergonic to endergonic reactions is ATP

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16
Q

ATP structure

A

3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar, adenine (adenine triphosphate), hydrolyze ATP< break last phosphate group off and energy is released

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17
Q

ATP + H2O ->

A

ADP + Pi

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18
Q

glutamic acid conversion to glutamine

A

ammonia added to glutamic acid produces glutamine, endergonic reaction, needs energy

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19
Q

conversion reaction coupled with ATP hydrollysis

A

glutamic acid + TP -> phosphorylated intermediate + ADP -> glutamine, phosphorylation causes reaction to release energy (now exergonic)

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20
Q

enzymes

A

lower activation energy of chemical reactions

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Think of NAD

A

As a packaging agent for free energy

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23
Q

Electrón transport chain intro

A

Each step, energy is pulled off and put into NADH to synthesize ATP

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24
Q

Potential energy in glucose in contained in

A

Reduced hydrocarbon bonds

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25
Q

Six major steps of glucose oxidation

A
  1. Transport of glucose into cell using glucose transporters, glycolysis splits glucose into two private molecules, pyre ate oxidation produced acetyl coA which is metabolized further in, citric acid cycle )Krebs), which oxidizes acetyl coA to produce ATP and reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2, electron transport chain uses NADH - FADH2 from citric acid cycle and glycolysis to maintain a proton gradient across inner mitochondria membrane, gradient drives ATP synthase to produce ATP
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26
Q

Compartmentalization is important in metabolism

A

Movement of molecules between different compartments

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27
Q

Step 1. Movement

A

Transport of glucose between the extra cellular and intracellular compartments

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28
Q

Step 2 movement

A

Glycolysis requires soluble cytosolic enzymes

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29
Q

Step 3 and 4 movement

A

Pyruvate moves from cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, where enzymes required for citric acid cycle are located

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30
Q

Step 5 movement

A

Molecules required for ETC are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane as is ATP synthase

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31
Q

Step 6 movement

A

Protón gradient is maintained across the inner mitochondrial membrane y ETC to drive ATP synthase

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32
Q

TIPS,

A

follow carbon atoms, electrons,and ATP molecules

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33
Q

Glycolysis overview

A

Metabolic pathway made up of cytosolic enzymes that metabolize glucose (6 carbon compound) int 2 x 3 carbon compounds (pyruvate)

34
Q

2 phases of glycolysis

A
  1. Energy investment phase where kinases use ATP to phosphoryate glucose and some of the molecules that are produced as glucose begins to be broken down
  2. Energy payoff phase where the energy from some of the first C-H bonds of glucose that are broken own is squinted to ATP and NADH2
    Results in ATP; NADH2, 2 pyruvates
35
Q

Energy investment phase

A

Glucose uses 2 ATP to produce 2 ADP, then 4ADP used to generate 4 ATP and 2NAD used to form 2NADH (with 2 pyruvate) and 2h2o

36
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose is first phosphorylated, then goes to fructose w- phosphate, then ATP used (to ADP), fructose molecule into state to do next step (has 2 phosphates), then goes to two molecules (go to energy payoff), allows one of these molecules to go down energy payoff phase (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, 2 of them), molecule uses phosphate to produce NADH, use ADP to produce ATP, (now 3 phosphoglycerate), the goes to phospholenol pyruvate by rearranging, then 2 ADP used to produce 2 ATP and 2 pyruvates

37
Q

Pyruvate kinase (known phosphofructo kinase too), ask which are most mportant

A

Enzyme that that’s PEP and generates pyruvate through phosphorylation, removal of phosphate group and ATP production

38
Q

Outcome of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2NADH, 2 pyruvate

39
Q

Overview of Citric Acid cycle

A

Metaboli pathway made up of a series’s of enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix that initially conjugates acetyl coA (2 carbons) to oxaloacetate (4 carbons) to form citrate (6 carbons), citrate hen progressively metabolized in a. Series of reaction that remove carbons along the way, produces oxaloacetate (4 carbons) FADH2, NADH, and ATP, and 2 molecules of CO2, in this manner, the potential energy stored in hydrocarbon bonds of glucose is transferred to FADH2, NADH, and ATP, leaving the electrons in the C-O bond closer to the more electronegative O but w less PE

40
Q

3 phosphoglycerate (glycolysis)

A

Used in opposite direction in photosynthesis

41
Q

Location of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis in cytoplasm, the rest in mitochondria!

42
Q

Movement os pyruvate into mitochondrial matrix

A

Break c-c bond and release CO2, then generate NADH, H from NAD due to energy of electrons captured by bond breaking, put on molecule S-CoA by Coenzyme A, turns to acetyl CoA (prior to citric acid cycle)

43
Q

Citric acid cycle step 1

A

Acetyl coA w oxaloaetate, causes coA to be lost and turned into citrate

44
Q

Citric acid cycle step 2

A

Citrate to isocitrate

45
Q

Citric acid cycle step 3

A

Isocitrate to alpha ketpglutarate, carbon lost and NADH produced

46
Q

Citric acid cycle step 4

A

Alpha ketoglutarate ti succinyl coA (CoA added) lost C and NADH produces

47
Q

Citric acid cycle step 5

A

Succinyl coA to succincate (CoA-SH leaves), phosphorylation GDP to GTP, ADP to ATP (ATP produced)

48
Q

Citri acid cycle step 6

A

Succionaste to fuma rate, production of FADH2

49
Q

Citric acid cycle step 7

A

Fumarate ro malate, addition of H2O

50
Q

Citric acid cycle step 8

A

Mala te to oxaloacetate, production of NADH, then cycle begins again

51
Q

Molecules produced during citric acid cycle

A

4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (per pyruvate) electron carriers (double for one molecule of glucose!)*

52
Q

ATP synthesized goes where

A

Used by the cell, immediately hydrolyzed and exits mitochondria

53
Q

Electrón carriers

A

NADH, FADH2

54
Q

Location of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

A

Inner membrane space

55
Q

ETC protein 1

A

NADH back to reduced form, the H is released and pushed out through proton pump

56
Q

ETC protein 2

A

FADH2 to FAD, proton pumped out

57
Q

ETC protein 3

A

Pumps H from FADH2 to FAD

58
Q

ETC protein 4

A

2H and 1-2 O2 becomes water, H pumped out

59
Q

ETC electron path

A

NADH, through 1 to Q (in membrane), electron added by NADH2, through 3, to Cyt c, to 4, electron is accepted by oxygen to form water

60
Q

Where is water produced in ETC

A

In mitochondrial matrix

61
Q

FADH protein sits

A

on matrix side of membrane, not within membrane

62
Q

Final e- acceptor

A

O2

63
Q

Free energy in ETC from e-

A

Free energy decreases throughout the ETC, free energy is used to pump protons against concentration gradient into inner membrane

64
Q

Chemiomosis

A

Production of ATP using proton gradient and ATP synthase

65
Q

ATP synthase function-structure

A

Stator located within membrane , rotor which acts like a water wheel (moves and is driven by protons), internal rod also spins, the energy from rotation drives catalytic knob to produce ATP from ADP and Pi

66
Q

Amount of ATP produced via ETC and chemiosmosis

A

26 or 28 ATP

67
Q

Maximum amount of ATP per glucose

A

30 or 32 ATPs

68
Q

How does ATP get out of the mitochondria?

A

Crosses 2 membranes, ATP gradient across inner membrane, ADP gradient in cytoplasm, ATP and ADP move through poring in outer membrane, (ATP goes out down con. Gradient, ADP moves in down con. Gradient), transport protein ADP-ATP translocase flips over and moves them across inner membrane

69
Q

ADP-ATP translocase

A

Transpor protein in inner membrane that gets ATP out of matrix and flip ADP into mitochondrial matrix

70
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ETC, chemosmosis

71
Q

Not enough oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation, what happens?

A

Everything is backed up, cell dies

72
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Continuing glycolysis to produce ATP, ethanol (not animal cells) and lactic acid fermentation

73
Q

Ethanol fermentation

A

Yeast cells, glycolysis to pyruvate, with no oxygen, fermentation takes places and produces either ethanol, lactate, or other products

74
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

In plant cells, 2 pyruvate lose 2 carbons (in co2) to produce acetaldehyde which then add 2 H from 2NADH to form ethanol, uses NADH and generates NAD(plus), only produces 2 ATP per glucose

75
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

Pyruvate directly converted into lactate using H from 2NADH, turns NADH to NAD(plus), only produces 2 ATP, occurs with exercise (why there is a build up of practice acid in anaerobic activities

76
Q

Carbohydrates as source of energy

A

Glycolysis, Kreisler cycle, ETC and oxidative phosphorylation

77
Q

Fats as source of energy

A

Glycerols can start in glycolysis as glycerol de rhyme-3-P and through normal cycle, fatty acids go straight to acetyl CoA then through cycle

78
Q

Amino acids as sources of energy

A

Either enter as pyruvate, (releases NH3), some go to acetylene CoA, some go to Krebs cycle (protein would be last step if all other sources of energy are gone)

79
Q

Control of metabolism

A

Regulated tightly, balance is achieved via allosteric regulation of enzyme activities, control points use both positive and negative feedback mechanisms,

80
Q

Main control point in glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

Bisc 220 (6 decks)

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