metabolism

Question 1

gluconeogenesis what can be used

Answer 1

gluconeogenic amino acids, pyruvate, glycerol, lactate

Question 1

gluconeogenesis where it occurs

Answer 1

only liver and kidneys
begins in mitochondria w oxaloactetate

Question 2

amino acid (ketogenic)

Answer 2

turned into AcCoA

Question 3

amino acid (glucogenic)

Answer 3

form glucose or enter the TCA cycle

Question 4

how is nitrogen removed

Answer 4

converted to ammonia
buildup of ammonia is toxic -> has to be excreted
urea cycle occurs in liver
cytosol and mitochondria
2 nitrogen groups + CO2 -> urea and water
urea excreted in the urine

Question 5

FA beta oxidation where does it occur

Answer 5

mitochondria

Question 6

FA beta oxidation role of carnitine

Answer 6

shuttle FA into the mitochondria

Question 7

FA beta ox metabolic products

Answer 7

2 C cleaved from FA chain -> Acetyl-CoA
NADH, H, FADH2

Question 8

amino acid metabolism where

Answer 8

liver

Question 9

amino acid metabolism requires what

Answer 9

deamination

Question 10

AA can enter as

Answer 10

pyruvate, acetyl coa, tca cycle

Question 11

carb’s role in beta ox

Answer 11

TCA needs oxaloacetate
cells can synthesize from pyruvate
carbs needed to create pyruvate

Question 12

carb intake low

Answer 12

low oxaloacetate = low citric acid cycle
build up of acetyl coa
diverted into ketone production in liver
cells can use ketones (ketone -> acetyl coa-> TCA)

Question 13

what gluconeogenesis requires

Answer 13

atp, biotin, riboflavin, niacin, b6

Question 14

gluconeogenesis anabolic or catabolic

Answer 14

anabolic

Question 15

low levels of insulin promote

Answer 15

gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, lipolysis

Question 16

increased insulin promotes

Answer 16

glycogen, fat, protein synthesis

Question 17

feasting

Answer 17

• metabolism favors fat formation
  FA -> triglycerides
  glucose -> glycogen or AceCoA -> FA
  AA -> Acetyl CoA -> FA

Question 18

hormones in initial fasting

Answer 18

Hormone sensitive lipase
triglycerides -> glycerol backbone + FA
increased by glucagon, growth hormone, and epu
decreased by insulin

Question 19

short term fasting

Answer 19

• reliance on AA for glucose via gluconeogenesis
  2. increased ketone formation
  3. increased utilization of FA for energy

Question 20

prolonged fasting

Answer 20

• increased formation of ketones
• body tissue broken down to make glucose form gllucogenic amino acids

Question 21

adaptations to survive fasting

Answer 21

• slow metabolic rate (reduce energy req, slow breakdown of lean body tissue for glucoeneogenesis)
• allow nervous system to use more ketone bodies

Question 22

ketosis in semistarvation/fasting

Answer 22

• glucose and insulin levels fall
• FA flow into bloodstream and form ketone bodies in liver
• SPARE PROTEINS from being used
• heart, muscle, kidneys, and eventually the brain can use these for fuels

Question 23

glycolysis where

Answer 23

cytosol

Question 24

glycolysis starting products and ending products

Answer 24

atp nad glucose end = pyruvate, atp, nadh

Question 25

anaerobic glycolysis converts

Answer 25

pyruvate into lactate gain some atp

Question 26

cori cycle causes

Answer 26

lactate buildup and NAD+ regeneration lactate to liver -> convert to glucose

Question 27

transition step products and factor

Answer 27

irreversible acetyl coa, nadh, co2

Question 28

tca cycle products

Answer 28

co2, atp, nadh, fadh2

Question 29

tca cycle where

Answer 29

mitochondrial matrix

Question 30

cori cycle where

Answer 30

muscle rely on anaerobic cells

Question 31

transition step where

Answer 31

mitochondrial matrix

Question 32

oxidative phosphorylation where

Answer 32

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 33

oxidative phosp what goes in

Answer 33

nadh, h, fadh2

Question 34

oxidative phosp products

Answer 34

water and atp