Metabolism

Question 1

Acetyl Coenzyme A is found in what process?

Answer 1

Krebs/Citrus Acid Cycle

Question 2

Glycolysis takes place where?

Answer 2

Cytoplasm

Question 3

Energy investment phase of glycolysis

Answer 3

1. Glucose is rearranged and two phosphates are added to it, to destabilize the molecule. 2. Destabilization leads to formation of two 3 Carbon molecules, DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 3. DHAP is converted into its isomer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Question 4

How many ATPs are needed for the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis?

Answer 4

2

Question 5

Energy payoff phase of glycolysis

Answer 5

1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate. X2 for each molecule of glucose because DHAP is converted to its isomer.

Question 6

What is generated during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

Answer 6

Two NADH and 4 ATP (for one glucose molecule. Half for one glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecule)

Question 7

What enzyme speeds up or slows down glycolysis?

Answer 7

Phosphofructokinase

Question 8

What enzyme generates the unstable form of glucose in glycolysis, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

Answer 8

Phosphofructokinase

Question 9

Net production of Glycolysis?

Answer 9

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADHs

Question 10

What happens to the NADH produced in glycolysis?

Answer 10

It is oxidized in the electron transport chain. This regenerates NAD+, ensuring glycolysis continues (can also be regenerated in fermentation).

Question 11

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Answer 11

Matrix of the mitochondria

Question 12

Step 1 of Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 12

1. Acetyl CoA joins with oxaloacetate, which releases the CoA group and forms citrate (6 Cs)

Question 13

Step 2 of Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 13

2. Citrate is converted to its isomer isocitrate.

Question 14

Step 3 of Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 14

3. Isocitrate is oxidized and releases CO2. This leaves alpha-ketogluterate (5 Cs). NAD+ is reduced to NADH in the process.

Question 15

What enzyme helps with the oxidation of isocitrate in step 3 of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 15

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 16

Isocitrate dehydrogenase does what to the overall citric acid cycle?

Answer 16

It regulates the speed of the cycle

Question 17

Step 4 of the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 17

4. Alpha-ketogluterate is oxidized and releases CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH in the process. The remaining 4C molecule joins CoA to form the unstable succinyl CoA

Question 18

What enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of alpha-ketogluterate in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 18

Alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

Question 19

Step 5 of the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 19

5. CoA is replaced by a phosphate, which is then transferred to ADP/GDP to make ATP/GDP. Succinate is left over (4Cs)

Question 20

Step 6 of the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 20

6. Succinate is oxidized to Fumarate. FAD is reduced to FADH2 in the process.

Question 21

Alpha-ketogluterate does what to the overall citric acid cycle?

Answer 21

Regulates the speed of the cycle

Question 22

Where does the reduction of FAD in the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

Answer 22

In the inner membrane of the mitrochondria.

Question 23

Step 7 of the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 23

7. Water is added to Fumarate to make Malate

Question 24

Step 8 of the Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 24

8. Oxidation of Malate regenerates oxaloacetate. NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Question 25

Products of a single turn of the Citric Acid Cycle (one glucose = 2 turns of the citric acid cycle)

Answer 25

1. Two molecules of Carbon Dioxide, 2. Three molecules of NADH, 3. One molecule of FADH2, 4. One molecule of ATP/GTP

Question 26

Electron transport chain is found where?

Answer 26

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 27

Protons are pumped from __________ to __________ during the

Answer 27

The mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

Question 28

Where do the electrons in the electron transport chain come from?

Answer 28

NADH and FADH2

Question 29

Complex 1 gets its electrons from?

Answer 29

NADH

Question 30

The electrons of NADH have more or less energy than FADH2's?

Answer 30

More

Question 31

FADH2 gives its electrons to what complex in ETC?

Answer 31

Complex 2

Question 32

Does complex 2 pump protons across the membrane?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Complex 1 and Complex 2 pass their electrons to what?

Answer 33

Ubiquinone

Question 34

Complex 3 passes its electrons to what?

Answer 34

Cytochrome C

Question 35

Complex 4 passes its electrons to what?

Answer 35

Oxygen (oxygen splits and forms water with the protons in the matrix)

Question 36

How many electrons are needed to reduce a molecule of O2 in ETC?

Answer 36

4

Question 37

How many molecules of water are made in ETC?

Answer 37

2

Question 38

What two things does the ETC do for a cell?

Answer 38

1. Regenerates electron carriers (NAD+ and FAD+2). 2. Makes a proton gradient.

Question 39

What complexes act as proton pumps?

Answer 39

1, 3, and 4

Question 40

H+ ions flow in what direction through ATP synthase?

Answer 40

From the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 41

How much ATP is made from cellular respiration?

Answer 41

30-32 molecules