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Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Glycolysis occurs where?

A

cytoplasm (of all cells)

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2
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

no

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3
Q

Per 1 glucose, glycolysis yields ____ ATP

A

2

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4
Q

Glucokinase

A

liver, low affinity for glucose compared to hexokinase, acts when BG is high, induced by insulin

G –> G-6-P

step 1 of liver glycolysis & glycogen synthesis

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5
Q

Hexokinase

A

traps glucose

G –> G-6-P

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6
Q

PFK-1

A

rate limiting step

F-6-P –> F-1,6-BP

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7
Q

PFK-2

A

makes the F-2,6-BP that activates PFK-1

F-6-P –> F-2,6-BP

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8
Q

GAPDH

A

produces NADH

GA-3-P –> 1,3-BPG
Pi + NAD+ –> NADH + H+

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9
Q

3-phosphoglycerate kinase

A

substrate level phosphorylation

ADP –> ATP

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10
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

substrate level phosphorylation

ADP –> ATP

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11
Q

which enzymes catalyze irreversible reactions in glycolysis?

A

glucokinase/hexokinase
PFK-1
pyruvate kinase

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12
Q

How is the NADH produced from glycolysis oxidized aerobically?

A

mitochondrial ETC

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13
Q

How is the NADH produced from glycolysis oxidized anaerobically?

A

cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

pyruvate –> acetyl-CoA + NADH

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15
Q

____ stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

insulin

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16
Q

____ inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

acetyl-CoA

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17
Q

Citric acid cycle occurs where?

A

mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate & fatty acyl CoA cross the membranes, and acetyl CoA is made in matrix

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18
Q

What is the purpose/products of the citric acid cycle?

A

to oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2

generates:
NADH
FADH2
GTP

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19
Q

ETC occurs where?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

Reduction potentials ____ down the ETC until the electrons end up on _____ which has the _____ reduction potential.

A

increase
oxygen
highest

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21
Q

____ can’t cross the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

NADH

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22
Q

What are the 2 shuttle mechanisms used to transfer electrons to mitochondrial matrix

A

glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

malate-aspartate shuttle

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23
Q

Complex I

A

NADH –> NAD+ + H+
2e- –> Q
4H+ to inter membrane space

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24
Q

Complex II

A

succinate –> fumarate + 2H+
e- –> Q via FAD

0H+ transfer in this step

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25
Complex III
receives e- from Q --> passes to cytochrome c | 4H+ to inter membrane space
26
Complex IV
receives e- from cytochrome c reduces O2: O2 + 4H+ --> 2H2O 2H+ to inter membrane space
27
ATP synthase
ADP + Pi --> ATP | 3H+ returns to matrix
28
What force is used as energy to make ATP in the ETC?
Proton-motive force, made by the proton gradient between the inter membrane space and the mitochondrial matrix
29
What is the energy yield from glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule?
2 NADH 2 ATP = 7 ATP
30
What is the energy yield from pyruvate dehydrogenase of 2 pyruvate molecules (1 glucose molecule)?
2 NADH = 5 ATP
31
What is the energy yield from citric acid cycle x2 (1 glucose molecule)?
6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 GTP = 20 ATP
32
What is the total energy yield from metabolism of 1 glucose molecule?
32 ATP
33
How much ATP does 1 molecule of NADH yield?
2.5 ATP
34
How much ATP does 1 molecule of FADH2 yield?
1.5 ATP
35
Glycogenesis
glycogen synthesis
36
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen
37
Gluconeogenesis
reverse of glycolysis (generation of glucose from lactate, glycerol, some amino acids)
38
Gluconeogenesis occurs where?
cytoplasm & mitochondria, mostly in liver
39
What enzymes in gluconeogenesis bypasses pyruvate kinase?
Pyruvate carboxylase | PEP carboxykinase
40
What enzyme in gluconeogenesis bypasses PFK-1?
F-1,6-BP-ase
41
What enzyme in gluconeogenesis bypasses hexokinase/glucokinase?
G-6-P-ase
42
What 2 enzymes are used for glycogenesis?
glycogen synthase | branching enzyme
43
Glycogen synthase creates _______ ________ between _____ molecules
alpha 1,4 glycosidic links between glucose molecules
44
Glycogen synthase is activated by _____ in the ____ and ____
insulin in the liver and muscles
45
Branching enzyme moves a block of oligoglucose from ______ and connects it as a ______ using ________
one chain branch alpha 1,6 glycosidic link
46
What 2 enzymes are used for glycogenolysis?
glycogen phosphorylase | debranching enzyme
47
glycogen phosphorylase breaks _______, removing _______
alpha 1,4 glycosidic links | G-1-P molecules
48
Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by _____ in the ____ and by ____ & ____in ____
glucagon in the liver | epi & AMP in exercising muscle
49
Debranching enzyme moves a block of oligoglucose from ______ and connects it to the ______ using ________
one branch chain alpha 1,4 glycosidic link
50
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
generates NADPH and sugars
51
what is the rate limiting step of the PPP?
G-6-P dehydrogenase (activated by NADP+ & insulin)
52
PPP occurs where?
cytoplasm of most cells
53
How many electrons does cytochrome c carry?
1
54
How many electrons does coenzyme Q carry?
2
55
How does active muscle generate energy?
``` anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) direct phosphorylation (CP) fatty acid oxidation ```
56
How does cardiac muscle generate energy?
fatty acid oxidation
57
How does the brain generate energy?
1 glucose | 2 starvation --> ketolysis
58
What does resting muscle use for energy?
free fatty acids | conserves carbs as glycogen
59
What is the key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis?
HMG-CoA reductase
60
What is the only fatty acid that humans can synthesize? Where is it made? From what?
Palmitic acid Cytoplasm Acetyl-CoA
61
Fatty acid oxidation occurs where?
Mitochondria
62
Beta oxidation reaction
``` acyl CoA + FAD + NAD+ + H2O + CoA → acyl CoA (less 2 carbons) + FADH2 + NADH + H+ + acetyl CoA ```
63
Beta oxidation generates _____ to enter the _______
acetyl CoA | citric acid cycle
64
_____ is transported into the mitochondria via the ______ ______ for use in beta oxidation
acyl CoA | carnitine shuttle
65
_____ form during prolonged periods of starvation due to excess ______ in the liver
ketone bodies | acetyl CoA
66
ketolysis breaks down _____ _____ into ________
ketone bodies | acetyl CoA
67
Carbon skeletons of amino acids are used for energy in ______ or ______
gluconeogenesis | ketone body formation
68
amino groups from amino acids are fed into the _____ _____ for excretion
urea cycle
69
In the absence of oxygen, _____ from glycolysis will be converted into ______ in the _______
pyruvate lactate cytoplasm

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