Metabolism I

Question 1

define Catabolic

Answer 1

large molecules break down into smaller ones

Question 2

Is Catabolism exergonic and endergonic?

Answer 2

energy being released- exergonic

Question 3

Anabolism also known as synthesis requires

Answer 3

energy input–endergonic

Question 4

Define Anabolism

Answer 4

small molecules are made into larger and more complex molecules

Question 5

How does Substrate limeted reaction regulate itself

Answer 5

regulation by changing [A], [B], [C] and [D

product inhibiton and feedback are two types

Question 6

Substrate limited reaction is often a what inhibition

Answer 6

allosteric inhibition

Question 7

Substrate-limited reaction is often at a highly

Answer 7

exergonic steps

Question 8

,** feedback inhibition** is inhibited by

Answer 8

the final product

Question 9

Homeostatsis

Answer 9

balancing the final product with the cell’s needs

Question 10

When it comes to substrate limited reaction, product inhibition is inhibited by

Answer 10

an immediate product

Question 11

Enzyme limited reaction is regulated by

Answer 11

modulating corresponding enzymes

Question 12

At what step does Enzyme limited reaction happen?

Answer 12

rate-limiting steps

Question 13

Changing enzyme availability increases or decreases the

Answer 13

rate of synthesis or degradation

Question 14

Spatial organization also known as

Answer 14

compartmentalization

Question 15

How can you change enzyme active in an enzyme limited reaction? Name 4

Answer 15

Allostery, reverasible covalent modification, reverasal binding, irreversible covalent modification,

Question 16

Where does Allostery inhibitors often bind to?

Answer 16

often binding a place that is not the active site

Question 17

What are the 4 levels of spatial organizations in enzymes

Answer 17

Seperate individual enzymes, multi0enzymes complex, substrate channeling, and mebrane-bound enzyme system

Question 18

In terms of spatial organization, What can individal enzymes do

Answer 18

they have independent enzymatic reactions

Question 19

in seperate individual enzymes, substrates and intermediaties

Answer 19

must diffuse

Question 20

Multi-enzymes complex are enzymes that need to

Answer 20

diffuse and form complexs

Question 21

For multi-enzyme complex, substrate and intermediates

Answer 21

do not need to diffuse

Question 22

Substrate channeling is easy to

Answer 22

regulate coordinately

Question 23

What does Substrate channeling do the enzyme reaction rate

Answer 23

boosts the reaction rate

Question 24

Membrane bound enzyme system has

Answer 24

minimal diffusion and many are large complexes

Question 25

the most common form of energy is

Answer 25

adenosine triphosphate (ATP

Question 26

What is the metabolic pathway

Answer 26

The transformation of ingested food to energy and simple compounds, or the synthesis of complex molecules, is performed by a series of enzymatic reactions. Collectively, these enzymes, and their substrates and products

Question 27

Glycolysis is

Answer 27

first pathway used to degrade sugars and it is located in the cytoplasm

Question 28

pyruvate

Answer 28

a 3 carbon keto acid that is the final product of glycolysis

Question 29

Monod-Wyman-Changeaux model

Answer 29

concerted change

Question 30

Koshland model shows

Answer 30

Sequential change: subunits "flip" individually

Question 31

biological oxidation often looses

Answer 31

2H+ and 2e-

Question 32

the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), i

Answer 32

second pathway in the degradation of sugars.

Question 33

Where is the citric acid cycle located in

Answer 33

in the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 34

What are the different types of modulators

Answer 34

activators, inhibitors, homotrophic, hetrotrophic

Question 35

Homotrophic

Answer 35

substrate= modulator, allosteric site= active site

Question 36

Allostery fine-tunes

Answer 36

enzyme activity

Question 37

most allosteric effectors affect

Answer 37

affect only K M , but some change Vmax

Question 38

when the allosteric enzymes are co cooperative the graph has a

Answer 38

sigmodial curve for V/[S]

Question 39

cooperative

Answer 39

phenomenon displayed by enzymes or receptors that have multiple binding sites where the affinity of the binding sites for a ligand is increased or dewcrease

Question 40

What does the binding of the binding of 1 subunit do?

Answer 40

other subunits affinity to the substrate increasing

Question 41

pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (6-kDa polypeptide tightly binds, where

Answer 41

to the active site

Question 42

What is an example of reversible binding of other proteins

Answer 42

pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (6-kDa polypeptide

Question 43

ancreatic trypsin inhibitor (6-kDa polypeptide) prevents

Answer 43

any trypsin that is prematurely activated in the pancreas from digesting it

Question 44

what are other metabolic pathways? Name 3

Answer 44

nonidentical foward and reverse pathways, compartmentalization, and commitment steps

Question 45

commitment steps are when

Answer 45

certain enzymes are key regulatory points

Question 46

How are Nonidentical forward and reverse pathways regulated?

Answer 46

when certain steps are independently regulated providing direction to the rest of pathway

Question 47

cascade of proteolytic activation is made

Answer 47

as inactive percusors

Question 48

biological oxidation is often catalyzed by

Answer 48

dehydrogenase

Question 49

Biolgical oxidation gains electrons

Answer 49

O

Question 50

every oxidation must be accompained by

Answer 50

a reduction

Question 51

Oxidation-reduction redox reaction involves

Answer 51

a electron transfer between 2 molecules

Question 52

a reduction gains

Answer 52

electrons, H and loses O

Question 53

CO2 is the most

Answer 53

oxidized from of carbon found in living organisms

Question 54

In C-H bonds, the more electronegative

Answer 54

C “owns” the 2e - shared with H.

Question 55

In C-O bonds,

Answer 55

O owns 2e-

Question 56

the catabolic pathways are

Answer 56

oxidative reaction sequences

Question 57

What are the functional groups of that can participate in redox reactions

Answer 57

hydroxyl aldehyde ketone carbonyl amino amide methyl ether disulfide thioester ester sulfhydryl phosphory

Question 58

Oxidation requires

Answer 58

specialized electron carriers

Question 59

H+ is soluble but e-

Answer 59

is insoluble in aqueous soltion

Question 60

During cellular respiration or oxidation what molecules act as electron carriers

Answer 60

NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Question 61

Lactater is oxidized to

Answer 61

pryuvate

Question 62

NAD + is reduced to

Answer 62

NADH

Question 63

Pyruvate is reduced to

Answer 63

lactate

Question 64

NADH is oxidized to

Answer 64

NAD+

Question 65

Which carbon is the 2H+ and 2 e- are removed from the lactate

Answer 65

2nd carbon

Question 66

What are 2 strategies to decrease ∆G

Answer 66

Make K eq << 1 o Couple an endergonic rxn with an exergonic rxn

Question 67

Oxygenases is a subclasses of enzymes for what reactions

Answer 67

redox reactions

Question 68

Oxygenases uses oxygen as what

Answer 68

a substrate

Question 69

Oxygenases catalyze reaction where oxygen atoms are directly

Answer 69

incorporated into the product

Question 70

oxygenases forms what type of new group (hint: 2 groups)

Answer 70

a new hydroxyl or carboxyl group

Question 71

What reaction does Oxidases catalyzes

Answer 71

oxidation reactions

Question 72

Oxidases molecular oxygen serves

Answer 72

as the e- acceptor