Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P II > Metabolism/Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism/Nutrition Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

nutrition is food, vitamins and minerals that are

A

ingested and assimilated into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the process of using nutrient molecules as energy sources and as building blocks for our own molecules

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

metabolism includes 2 processes which are

A

catabolism
anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The breakdown of complex compounds into simpler components

A

Catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe anabolism

A

the building of simple compounds into needed substances (more complex compounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the most common energy sources

A

glucose and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many stages of glucose catabolism are there

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cellular respiration is catabolism of nutrients to

A

release energy (generate ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glucose catabolism: Anaerobic phase is the first step in glucose breakdown known as

A

glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anaerobic Phase (glycolysis) produces what

A

2 ATP per molecule of glucose
Pyruvic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anaerobic phase aka glycolysis occurs in what part of a cell

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oxygen is required to further metabolize the products of anaerobic (glycolysis) phase. If no oxygen what is it converted to

A

Lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aerobic phase of glucose catabolism is very controlled second step in glucose breakdown. it metabolizes

A

pyruvic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aerobic phase of glucose catabolism occurs in the

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aerobic Phase of glucose catabolism produces (3)

A

32 ATP per molecule of glucose (most stored for future use, small amount released as heat)
Water
CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fatty Acids are oxidized to generate energy through ___ mechanisms. Produces?

A

Aerobic mechanisms only
Produces ATP, water and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is deamination

A

Amine groups must be removed from amino acids before oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

deamination occurs where

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is metabolic rate

A

rate at which cellular respiration converts nutrients int ATP (energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metabolic rate is affected by determinants of health which are?

A

Diet
size
% of body fat
gender
age
activity level
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metabolic rates increase/decrease with age

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is basal metabolism

A

the amount of energy needed to maintain life functions while he body is at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the energy you expend each day just to stay alive

A

BMR (measured in kilocalorie; kcal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

BMR equation

A

BMR + (BMR x activity level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
in nutrient metabolism all chemical reactions require
enzymes as the catalyst
26
In nutrient metabolism some nutrients are built into body materials instead of
producing energy
27
what is a common energy source; most converted to glucose
Carbohydrates
28
Glucose is stored as? and where?
stored as glycogen stored in muscle and liver
29
if there is too much glucose in the blood ?
it is converted to fat and stored (adipose tissue and the liver)
30
another major source of energy for most cells (not the brain!)
fats
31
Fats are catabolized using oxygen in the
mitochondria
32
what are ketone bodies
partially metabolized fatty acids
33
ketone bodies are produced by
the liver
34
the body does not store proteins as
fuel
35
specific proteins are synthesized by ___ to meet specific body needs
amino acids
36
if we do not have enough protein, it is taken from?
muscle tissue or plasma proteins (this is dangerous)
37
typical recommendations for % of calories in daily diet for fat
20-35%
38
Complex carbs are good, what do they do?
maintain blood sugar levels
39
what is the glycemic effect
how rapidly a particular food raises the blood glucose level and stimulates insulin release
40
glycemic effect is influenced by
combination of different foods and time of day it is being eaten
41
Simple sugars are metabolized rapidly they are good for
only a fast energy only (unhealthy; cause blood glucose levels to rise and fall rapidly)
42
Why is fiber a good thing (5)
-adds bulk to stool -regulates the digestion & absorption of other carbs - assists in weight management -lowers cholesterol -helps to prevent diabetes, colon cancer etc..
43
essential fatty acids must be taken in by food we eat. 2 essential fatty
Linoleic acid (easy to get; veg and veg oils) Alpha-linoleic acid ( fatty fish, shellfish)
44
Saturated fats should be less than 1/3 of the fat in diet. These fats can lead to
cancer heart disease cardiovascular problems
45
Unsaturated fats are derived from plants; what are some examples
oils: corn, peanut, olive, canola
46
Partially hydrogenated fats are what
artificially saturated to prevent spoilage *contains trans fatty acids
47
most animal proteins supply all of the
(9) essential amino acids> 'complete proteins'
48
Some nonessential amino acids can become essential if
if our body can no longer produce them
49
Minerals are chemical elements needed for
body structure, fluid balance, muscle contraction, blood clotting and nerve impulses
50
what are trace elements
minerals needed in very, very small amounts
51
what are complex organic substances
vitamins
52
what vitamins are water soluble
B, C
53
what vitamins are fat- soluble
A, D, E, K
54
vitamin are essential for
metabolism
55
what do antioxidants do
defend against harmful free radicals defend against aging and disease.
56
we can metabolize how much pure alcohol/hr
1/2 ounce
57
alcohol is rapidly absorbed through
stomach and small intestine
58
alcohol is detoxified by the
liver
59
food allergies involve the
immune system
60
food sensitivities are adverse reactions to specific foods and could be a result of what 2 things
-result of enzyme deficiency -GI symptoms
61
Contributing factors of malnutrition include
poverty, old age, chronic illness, anorexia, poor dental health and drug and alcohol use
62
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) reflects
reflects an overall dietary deficiency
63
Marasmus is
severe PEM in infancy and childhood
64
what is kwashiorkor
protein insufficiency common in toddlers. weaned toddlers in poor countries (bulging tummy) Loss of intestinal villi
65
what is normal BMI range
18.5-24.9
66
Why is BMI not a fair indication of overweight/obesity in people
It does not account for muscle and fat composition in the body
67
Eating disorders stress the body. What can result?
Lack of estrogen in women Loss of bone (osteoporosis) Degeneration of myocardium
68
What happens with nutrition when we age
Metabolism slows down Sense of taste and smell decreases Vitamin d synthesis and calcium absorption declines
69
What is a byproduct of the reactions in our bodies (hint cellular respiration)
Heat
70
Asking if heat produced by the body depends on
Exercise Hormone production Food intake Age
71
How much heat do we lose through the respiratory system, urine and feces
15-20%
72
How much heat is lost through the skin
80%
73
How do we prevent heat loss
Clothing (artificial) Layer of fat under the skin (natural)
74
What does thermoregulation refer to
Body temperature remains fairly constant even when the conditions outside change
75
What regulates body temp by maintaining a balance between heat production and heat loss
The hypothalamus
76
What happens when there is too much heat loss (environment is too cold)
Shivering Constriction of blood vessels
77
Who have a greater challenge regulating their body temperature
Very young and very old individuals
78
What is normal body temp
36.2-37.6°
79
How can fever be beneficial
Promotes phagocytosis Inhibits growth of organisms Increases metabolism
80
Fever terminology: lysis
Gradual drop in temp
81
Fever terminology: febrile
Having or showing signs of a fever
82
Fever terminology: pyrogens
Substances that produce fevers
83
Fever terminology: antipyretic drugs
Drugs that reduce fever
84
Not being able to maintain a constant body temp can be
Fatal
85
Heat associated disorders from least serious to most serious
Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heat stroke
86
Hypothermia is an
Abnormally low body temp can be fatal
87
What results in local tissue damage
Frostbite

A&P II (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions