Metabolism Reactions

Question 1

Glucose –> Phosphoenolpyruvate (What process is this?)

Answer 1

Initial steps of Glycolysis

Question 2

Phosphoenolpyruvate –> Pyruvate (Enzyme)

Answer 2

Pyruvate Kinase

Question 3

Pyruvate –> Oxaloacetate (Enzyme)

Answer 3

Pyruvate Carboxylase

Question 4

Pyruvate –> Lactic acid (Enzyme)

Answer 4

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Question 5

Pyruvate –> Acetyl CoA, which enters TCA cycle (Enzyme)

Answer 5

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Question 6

Galactose –> Galactose 1-Phosphate

Answer 6

Galactokinase (defiency = mild galactosemia)

Question 7

Galactose -1-Phosphate –> Glucose 1-phosphate

Answer 7

Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (defiency severe galactosemia)

Question 8

Glucose –> Glucose 6-Phosphate (Liver, Beta cells of pancreas)

Answer 8

Glucokinase

Question 9

Glucose-6-phosphate –> Glucose

Answer 9

Glucose-6-phosphatase (Von Gierke’s)

Question 10

Glucose-6-phosphate –> 6-phosphogluconate/6phosphogluconolactone

Answer 10

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenaase (G6PD) (Deficiency = no HMP shunt)

Question 11

Fructose -6phosphate –> Fructose 1,6, bisphosphate

Answer 11

Phosphofructokinase -1 (Defiency= no glycolysis)

Question 12

Fructose 1,6, bisphosphate –> Fructose 6-phosphate

Answer 12

Fructose 1,6, bisphosphatase

Question 13

Fructose –> Fructose 1-phosphate

Answer 13

Fructokinase (deficiency = essential fructosuria)

Question 14

Fructose 1-phosphate –> Glyceraldehyde/DHAP

Answer 14

Aldolase B

Question 15

HMG CoA –> Mevalonate –> Cholesterol

Answer 15

HMG CoA reductase

Question 16

Oxaloacetate –> Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Answer 16

PEP Carboxykinase

Question 17

Isocitrate –> alpha-ketoglutarate (Within TCA cycle)

Answer 17

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Question 18

Oxaloacetate –> Citrate (TCA Cycle)

Answer 18

Citrate Synthase

Question 19

Alpha-ketoglutarate –> Succinyl Co-A

Answer 19

Alpha ketoglutrate Dehydrogenase

Question 20

Ornithine –> Citrulline (Urea Cycle)

Answer 20

Ornithine Transcarbamylase

Question 21

Glucose –> Glucose 6-Phosphate (Tissues, NOT liver/beta cells of pancreas)

Answer 21

Hexokinase

Question 22

What are the enzymes and end product when the body is in a FASTING state

Answer 22

Increased glucagon, CAMP, Protein Kinase A, FBPase-2 –> More Gluconeogenesis

Question 23

What are the enzymes and end product when the body is in a FED state

Answer 23

Increased insulin, Decreased CAMP, PKA, FBPase-2 –> More Glycolysis

Question 24

Pyruvate –> Alanine

Answer 24

ALT

Question 25

O2 --> O2* (reactive species, superoxide)

Answer 25

NADPH

Question 26

O2* --> H2O2

Answer 26

Superoxide dismutase

Question 27

H2O2 --> HOCL

Answer 27

Myeloperoxidase

Question 28

Glucose --> Sorbitol

Answer 28

Aldose Reductase

Question 29

Sorbitol --> Fructose

Answer 29

Sorbitol Dehydrogenase

Question 30

Ornithine + Carbamoyl Phosphate --> Citrulline

Answer 30

Ornithine Transcarbamylase

Question 31

CO2 + NH3 --> Carbamoyl Phosphate

Answer 31

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I (rate-limiting of urea cycle)

Question 32

Homocysteine + B6 --> Cystathionine --> Cysteine

Answer 32

Cystathionine Synthase

Question 33

Homocysteine + B12 --> Methionine

Answer 33

Homocysteine Methyltransferase

Question 34

Blocked degradation of branched amino acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine)

Answer 34

Maple Syrup Urine Disease, increased alpha-ketoacids in blood. Sxn: CNS defects, intellectual disability, death, urine smells like maple syrup/burnt sugar. Tx: Restrict isoleucine, leucine, valine, supplement with thiamine

Question 35

Glycogen --> Glucose

Answer 35

Glycogen Phosphorylase (upregulated by Glucagon, Calcium, Calcium-calmodulin in muscle during contraction)

Question 36

Glucose --> Glycogen

Answer 36

Glycogen Synthase (Upregulated by Insulin)

Question 37

Fed State (Insulin release)

Answer 37

Glycolysis and aerobic respiration

Question 38

Fasting State (Glucagon release) or Adrenaline

Answer 38

Hepatic glycogenolysis (major), Hepatic Gluconeogenesis, Adipose release of free fatty acids