Nutrition & Vitamins

Question 1

B1

Answer 1

Thiamine (TPP)

Question 2

B2

Answer 2

Riboflavin (FAD, FMN)

Question 3

B3

Answer 3

Niacin (NAD+)

Question 4

B5

Answer 4

Pantothenic acid, CoA

Question 5

B6

Answer 5

Pyroxidine (PLP)

Question 6

B7

Answer 6

Biotin

Question 7

B9

Answer 7

Folate

Question 8

B12

Answer 8

Cobalamin

Question 9

C

Answer 9

Ascorbic Acid

Question 10

Vitamin A (retinol)

Answer 10

Antioxidant, constituent of visual pigments, essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue (pancreatic cells, mucus-secreting cells), prevents squamous metaplasia

Question 11

Treats measles and AML, subtype 3

Answer 11

Vitamin A

Question 12

Sxn: Night blindness, dry scaly sin, alopecia, corneal degeneration

Answer 12

Vitamin A Defiency

Question 13

Found in Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-keto dehydrogenase, transketolase, branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

Answer 13

Vitamin B1 (Thamine)

Question 14

Sxn: Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome + Beriberi

Answer 14

Thiamine (B1) deficiency –> malnutrition + alcoholism

Question 15

Sxn: Dermatitis, sores on mouth, cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scales at corners of mouth, corneal vascularization

Answer 15

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency

Question 16

Component of FAD and FMN

Answer 16

B2 (Riboflavin)

Question 17

Component of NAD+, NADP+

Answer 17

B3 (Niacin)

Question 18

Use for B3 (Niacin)

Answer 18

Synthesis requires B2 and B6, Used to treat Dyslipidemia (lowers VLDL, increases HDL)

Question 19

Sxn: Glossitis, Pellagra (Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea)

Answer 19

B3 (Niacin deficiency)

Question 20

Component of Coenzyme A (CoA) and Fatty acid synthase

Answer 20

B5 (Pantothenate)

Question 21

Sxn: Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

Answer 21

B5 (Pantothenate) deficiency

Question 22

Converted to pyridoxal phosphate, cofactor in transamination (AST and ALT), Decarboxylation rxn, glycogen phosphorylase. Synthesis of Cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, neurotransmitters

Answer 22

B6 (Pyridoxine)

Question 23

Sxn: Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia, cheilosis (B2), Glossitis & dermatitis (B3)

Answer 23

B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency

Question 24

Cofactor in carboxylation enzymes (Pyruvate carboxylase, Acetyl CoA Carboxylase, Propionyl-CoA carboxylase)

Answer 24

B7 (Biotin)

Question 25

Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis caused by excessive consuption of egg whites, antibiotic use

Answer 25

B7 (Biotin) Deficiency

Question 26

Converted to Tetrahydrofolate (THF); important for synthesis of nitrogenous baes in DNA and RNA

Answer 26

B9 (Folic Acid) --> Absorbed in jejunum

Question 27

Sxn: Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, NO Neurological symptoms, glossitis

Answer 27

Folic Acid (B9) deficiency

Question 28

Labs in folic acid deficiency

Answer 28

Increased serum homocysteine, normal methylmalonic acid

Question 29

Labs in B12 deficiency

Answer 29

Both increased serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid

Question 30

Sxn: macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, paresthesias, neurological symptoms,

Answer 30

B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency

Question 31

Reasons for B12 deficiency

Answer 31

1) Intake (veganism) 2) Malabsorption (Celiac, enteritis, Diphyllobothrium latum) 3) Intrinsic factor deficiency (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass) 4) Absense of terminal ileum (Crohn Disease)

Question 32

Absorption for B12, Folate, Iron

Answer 32

B12 (Terminal ileum), Folate (Jejunum), Iron (Duodenum)

Question 33

Antioxidant, Reduces iron to Fe2+ state (increased absorption), hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis,

Answer 33

Vitamin C

Question 34

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, increased risk of iron toxicity in predisposed individuals

Answer 34

Vitamin C EXCESS

Question 35

What is 1) D2, 2) D3 , 3) 25-OH D3, 4) 1-25-OH2-D3?

Answer 35

D2 = Ergocalciferol, D3 = Cholecalciferol, 25-OH D3 (storage form), 1-25-OH2-D3 (calcitriol, active form)

Question 36

Sxn: Rickets, Osteomalacia, hypocalcemic tetany

Answer 36

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 37

Functions in intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, increased bone mineralization

Answer 37

Vitamin D Deficiency

Question 38

Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor, seen in sarcoidosis

Answer 38

Vitamin D EXCESS, In sarcoidosis, increased activation of Vit. D. by epitheliod macrophages

Question 39

Antioxidant (protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage)

Answer 39

Vitamin E

Question 40

Sxn: hemolytic anemia acathocytosis, muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

Answer 40

Vitamin E Deficiency (similar to sxn of B12 def, but no megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, or increased serum methylmalonic acid)

Question 41

Neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and aPTT (normal bleeding time) --> not in breast milk

Answer 41

Vitamin K deficiency

Question 42

Cofactor fo gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid for blood clotting

Answer 42

Vitamin K

Question 43

Delayed wound healing, infertility, decreased adult hair, acrodermatitis enteropathica (periorificial and acral dermatitis), alopecia, diarrhea

Answer 43

Zinc Deficiency

Question 44

Important for formation of transcription factor

Answer 44

Zinc (Zinc finger transcription factor motif)