Metals

Question 1

Copper deficiency vs. toxicosis in different animals:

Answer 1

Cattle= def

Sheep=toxicosis

Question 2

What dog breeds are predisposed to copper storage dz?

Answer 2

Dob. Bedlington, westie- can lead to hepatotoxicosis

Question 3

Excess copper is rare but can occur over a short period of time and cause…

Answer 3

GI upset with blue green diarrhea and liver damage as well as muscle tremors/weakness, and down

Question 4

Excess copper can be caused by….

Answer 4

injectable products, feed mixing errors, copper sulfate footbaths in dairy farms for foot rot, residual Cu on forages, ponds being treated, etc.

Question 5

What species are MOST sensitive to Cu excess?

Answer 5

Sheep

Question 6

Levels (ratio of Cu:Mo) more than ____ are dangerous

Answer 6

> 25:1

Question 7

What species are most tolerant to excess Cu?

Answer 7

Cattle

Question 8

Diagnosis of Cu toxicosis–>

Answer 8

Sx, trace minerals in blood (blue top tube), GOLD STANDARD IS LIVER BIOPSY**

Question 9

Cu toxicosis necropsy usually reveals….

Answer 9

Gun metal blue kidneys ((and enlarged black/brown liver and spleen))

Question 10

Sulfur clinical signs and necropsy results–>

Answer 10

Violent purgation, colic, muddy mm, ADR.

Necropsy: GI issues, Congested liver/kidneys, excessive gas and rotten egg smell (hydrogen sulfide)

Question 11

Sulfur toxicosis in cattle main source is _____

Answer 11

Pasture

Question 12

Pathophysiology of sulfur in rumen–>

Answer 12

Sulfur in rumen–> microbes produce hydrogen sulfide gas which is toxic–> decrease production of B1 (thrombin)–> assoc. with neurological function

Question 13

Sulfur clinical signs are associated with ____

Answer 13

PEM (polioencephalomacia)

Question 14

Sulfur toxicosis diagnosis:

Answer 14

Look at enviro., PE, check for lead poisoning (if negative, suspected to be sulfur or Listeria), check feed and water sulfur levels

Question 15

Sulfur toxicosis treatment assoc, with PEM:

Answer 15

Thiamine, remove source, supportive care

Question 16

Salt toxicity is directly related to…..

Answer 16

water consumption

Question 17

What animal is most sensitive to salt toxicity?

Answer 17

Swine

Question 18

Sodium toxicosis and water deprivation clinical signs—>

Answer 18

Head pressing, disorientation, aimless walking, blind, dog sitting, paddling, circling, death

Question 19

Salt poisoning in pigs= _____ _________

Answer 19

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

Question 20

Sodium ion toxicosis and water deprivation tx

Answer 20

None specific, goal is to restore SLOWLYYYY serum and CNS sodium

Question 21

COWS LOVE _____

Answer 21

ARSENIC

Question 22

Arsenic toxicosis is more common in what species

Answer 22

cows

Question 23

Inorganic forms of arsenic

Answer 23

Considered more toxic (examples: pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, cotton defoliants, insulation materials, and wood preservatives)

Question 24

Organic forms of Arsenic–>

Answer 24

Herbicides, MSMA and DMSA, feed additives

Question 25

Arsenic causes...

Answer 25

Capillary dilation, necrosis of intestinal epith., renal tubular cell necrosis

Question 26

What 3 GI signs does Arsenic cause? (Hint: The 3 D's)

Answer 26

Diarrhea, dehydration, Death

Question 27

Arsenic in dogs:

Answer 27

Chronic= dose dependent wt loss Acute= death within hours or several days targets liver and kidney

Question 28

Animortem arsenic toxicosis diagnosis:

Answer 28

RBC and casts in urine with 1ppm and some protein. Liver biopsy >2ppm, Hair 1ppm

Question 29

Tx for arsenic toxicosis:

Answer 29

Activated charcoal, oil demulcent, FLUIDSSS, sodium thiosulfate, BAL

Question 30

Half life of arsenic is slow. T/F

Answer 30

False!! its very rapid

Question 31

What does increased Fe (Iron) cause?

Answer 31

Capillary permeability, vascular collapse, decreased plasma volume, direct toxic effects to the liver

Question 32

Tx of iron OD:

Answer 32

Usually futile, supportive care includes glucose and norepi

Question 33

Zinc ingestion is ____ and was related to the ingestion of _____

Answer 33

rare; pennies

Question 34

What does excess lead cause?

Answer 34

Rupture of lysosomes and release of acid phosphatase, may interfere with antibody production too (mice)

Question 35

What is the cascade of clinical signs due to lead OD?

Answer 35

Constipation--diarrhea-- neuro signs-- Hgb destruction-- pain--bilateral facial nerve paralysis-- seizures-- blindness nonregenerative anemia, CNS signs, roaring in horses

Question 36

Mercury clincial signs:

Answer 36

Stomatitis, anorexia, hypersalivation, loosening of teeth, GI issues and skin issues, weakness, hematuria, melena, death

Question 37

Is there a tx for mercury OD?

Answer 37

Nope, just remove the source