R E V I E W

Question 1

What is the “Threshold dose”?

Answer 1

Dose that is less than or equal to no detrimental effects measured

Question 2

What is the most common route of toxicant exposure?

Answer 2

Oral (ingestion)

Question 3

What is a dispositional antidote and what is an example?

Answer 3

Dispositional antidote alters the absorption of toxin, making it less available to tissues (activated charcoal)

Question 4

0.30% = ____ ppm

Answer 4

3,000

Question 5

KNOW ALL OF THE CALCULATIONS

Answer 5

!!!

Question 6

What are the sources of nitrate? When are the levels the highest?

Answer 6

Sources are plants and commercial fertilizers or stored feces, accumulate in vegetative tissue, highest levels are just before flowering

Question 7

What is an example of nitrate plant?

Answer 7

Forage Sorghum.

Also corn, wheat, oats, soybeans. Bermuda grass, Hay grasses and some weeds

Question 8

Desiccation (wilting) of a plant will lower nitrate level of that plant. T/F

Answer 8

False!!! Will increase levels

Question 9

Ruminants are the most susceptible to ____ toxicosis because the conversion of it in the rumen

Answer 9

Nitrate… they convert nitrate to nitrite in the rumen (which is the more toxic form)

Question 10

Clinical signs of Nitrate poisoning….

Answer 10

Cyanosis, brownish cast to mm and dark, chocolate colored blood

Question 11

Nitrate poisoning diagnosis—>

Answer 11

Weakness +/- hypoxia and chocolate brown blood

Question 12

Tx of Nitrate toxicity:

Answer 12

Methylene blue

Question 13

What test is done in the field for nitrate levels by testing the forages???

Answer 13

Diphenylamine test

Question 14

Excess copper evaluation is done by this ratio..; what level is considered dangerous???

Answer 14

Cu:Mo ratio

>25:1 is dangerous

Question 15

What’s the gold standard of testing for Copper toxicosis?

Answer 15

Liver biopsy

Question 16

Copper toxicosis on necropsy will show this….

Answer 16

Gun metal blue kidneys, enlarged black/brown liver and spleen. Pale organs

Question 17

Clinical signs of sulfur:

Answer 17

Violent purgation, colic, “Muddy” mucous membranes, ADR/lethargy

Question 18

Necropsy shows what with sulfur toxicosis???

Answer 18

GI issues, congested liver and kidneys, excessive gas in GI tract (rotten egg smell bc of hydrogen sulfide)

Question 19

Sulfur toxicosis in cattle is from _____ and ___ ____

Answer 19

Pasture and water sources (with high sulfate contents)

Question 20

Signs assoc. sulfur = what condition?

Answer 20

signs assoc. with PEM (Polioencephalomacia)

Question 21

What are the diagnosis of sulfur toxicosis:

Answer 21

Look at environment, do a full PE, check for lead poisoning

Question 22

Treatment of PEM from sulfur toxicosis:

Answer 22

Thiamine, remove the animals from the possible source

Question 23

Sodium Ion toxicosis water deprivation– Salt toxicity is directly related to low ____ _______. What species are most sensitive?

Answer 23

water consumption; swine are most sensitive

Question 24

Clinical signs from sodium ion toxicosis/water deprivation:

Answer 24

Head pressing, disorientation, aimlessly walking/circling, blindness, dog sitting, paddling/seizures, death eventually

Question 25

Pigs with salt poisoning = _____ ______

Answer 25

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

Question 26

COWS LOVE ____

Answer 26

ARSENIC

Question 27

Arsenic toxicosis: | Inorganic forms include:

Answer 27

!!!More toxic!!!! | Pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, cotton defoliants, insulation materials, and wood preservatives

Question 28

Arsenic toxicosis: | Organic forms:

Answer 28

Herbicides (cacodylic acid, MSMA and DMSA) and feed additives

Question 29

What are "The 3 D's" associated with arsenic toxicosis?

Answer 29

Diarrhea, dehydration, death

Question 30

Beside the 3 D's, which also occurs as a clinical sign with arsenic toxicity?

Answer 30

Neuro signs

Question 31

What is the Tx of arsenic toxicosis?

Answer 31

Activated charcoal, oil demulcents, FLUIDSSS!!!, sodium thiosulfate, dimercaprol (BAL)

Question 32

Clinical signs of Mercury; what is the TX?

Answer 32

Stomatitis, loosening of teeth, ulcers, keratinization; no TX

Question 33

Sorghum species and fruits are sources of ____

Answer 33

Cyanide (Prussic acid)

Question 34

Cyanide/Prussic acid often follows ____ of plants

Answer 34

wilting

Question 35

MM will be bright red with _____ poisoning

Answer 35

Cyanide

Question 36

Cyanide toxicity signs--->

Answer 36

Bright red blood that clots slowly. Rumen contents will smell like "bitter almonds".

Question 37

Tx for cyanide poisoning--->

Answer 37

Sodium thiosulfate IV and repeat as needed. Also supportive care (O2) repeat as needed and may also have to do MB

Question 38

Cyanide testing:

Answer 38

freeze lab sample to prevent further hydrolysis. DO A PICRATE test- test will turn bright yellow in presence of cyanide

Question 39

Ionophore toxicity clinical signs:

Answer 39

Pulm. congestion, pleural effusion, cardiac necrosis, meningeal congestion

Question 40

All mycotoxins are ______

Answer 40

Immunosuppressants

Question 41

Mycotoxins often present as ___, subacute or ____ conditions.

Answer 41

Vague; chronic

Question 42

Fusarium includes what subcategories?

Answer 42

Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, T2 toxin, Fumonisin

Question 43

What are included as subcategory for Aspergillus?

Answer 43

Aflatoxin

Question 44

What is a subcategory of Penicillium?

Answer 44

PR toxin

Question 45

Aflatoxin- what is the primary organ that is targeted? What does this cause?

Answer 45

Liver is the primary target organ, leads to loss of proteins, improper antibody formation and decreased clotting factors. In humans, it is possible carcinogenic

Question 46

Public health concerns involving Aflatoxin-->

Answer 46

Carcinogens, milk is monitored closely for M1 metabolites, 20ppb in feed is the legal limit

Question 47

Fusarium toxins include:

Answer 47

Deoxynivalenol (T2 or DON) and Zearalenone (estrogenic effects)

Question 48

Zearalenone mode of action:

Answer 48

functions as a weak estrogen and inhibits secretion and release of GnRH

Question 49

Zearalenone causes what clinical signs in open/non pregnant young livestock?

Answer 49

Mammary enlargement

Question 50

What species is most susceptible to Trichothecenes (T2, Don, or Vomitoxin)??

Answer 50

Cats

Question 51

Trichothecenes lab diagnosis is what?

Answer 51

Anemia and leukopenia

Question 52

Fumonisins cause....

Answer 52

Equine leukocephalamalacia

Question 53

Ergotism MOA:

Answer 53

Initiates the contraction of smooth muscle and causes vasoconstriction, resulting in terminal necrosis of extremities. Inhibits release of prolactin (DMI and milk production DECREASES)

Question 54

What are the clinical signs of Ergotism???

Answer 54

Psychoactive, abortions, paralysis, GI issues, gangrene of extremities, death

Question 55

Xylitol aka ___ ____

Answer 55

Birch sugar

Question 56

Xylitol primary target organ is ____ with indirect _____

Answer 56

Pancreas; hepatotoxicity

Question 57

Xylitol MOA:

Answer 57

Stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin in a dose-dependent manner, causes hypoglycemia

Question 58

Where is insulin stimulated for glucose intake?

Answer 58

Skeletal muscles (mostly) and some in adipose tissues

Question 59

Is activated charcoal an effective tx for xylitol toxicity?

Answer 59

No because does not bind to the Xylitol

Question 60

Cycad (sago palm) toxins are concentrated in _____

Answer 60

Seeds

Question 61

Cycad (sago palm) toxin principles....

Answer 61

Cycasin

Question 62

Microcystis aeruginosa aka

Answer 62

Blue green algae

Question 63

What is the toxic principal of Microcystis aeruginosa???

Answer 63

Microcystin as a cyanotoxin

Question 64

Microcystis aeruginosa TX-->

Answer 64

Cholestyramine (ion exchange resin)

Question 65

Amanita phalloides (deadly amanita, death angel) Toxic principle and 3 clinical phases:

Answer 65

``` Toxic principle is Amanitins and phalloidins Clinical phases (in this progression/order): GI---> Hepatic --> Hepatorenal ```

Question 66

What are the TX for Amanita?

Answer 66

SAM-e hepatoprotectants

Question 67

Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) and X. spinosum (sheepbur): what are the toxic parts?

Answer 67

Seed and seedlings in cotyledon stages

Question 68

Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur), what is the toxin that is also a plant growth inhibitor?

Answer 68

Carboxyatractyloside is the toxin

Question 69

X. Straumarium (cocklebur) most sensitive species is _____

Answer 69

Pigs (anddd then sheeps)

Question 70

_______ plants are not toxic themselves but their metabolism in the body makes them toxic

Answer 70

PA plants

Question 71

Chronic dietary exposure to this plant = PA toxicosis

Answer 71

Common ragwort/ragweed/ Senecio jacobaea

Question 72

Ricinus communis is the castor bean plant and its seeds look like ticks. What is the toxic compound?

Answer 72

Phytotoxin (ricin)

Question 73

Tetradymia toxin is:

Answer 73

Furanosesquiterpenes

Question 74

Know mushroom stuff and bugs/stings/snakes lecture

Answer 74

!!!

Question 75

Ionophores unique clinical signs-

Answer 75

rumensin (heart and skeletal musc. affected) | Bovatex (heart and pulm. system affected)

Question 76

Lead toxicity unique clinical signs are....

Answer 76

Non regen. anemia, roaring, CNS issues, wing drop

Question 77

Zinc toxicity unique clinical signs....

Answer 77

Intravascular regenerative hemolytic anemia and hemolysis

Question 78

remember calculations

Answer 78

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