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Psychology Paper 2 > Methodologies > Flashcards

Methodologies Flashcards

1
Q

Experiments

A

An investigation which a hypothesis is scientifically tested. E.g. lab, field, natural.

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2
Q

Lab experiment

A
  • Conducted in a lab.
  • Can control extraneous variables.
  • Controlled conditions.
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3
Q

Lab experiment - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Can control extraneous variables.

DIS = Lacks ecological validity.

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4
Q

Field experiment

A

Conducted in a real world setting.

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5
Q

Field experiment - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Some control, control over the IV.

DIS = Can’t control extraneous variables.
= Hard to repeat.

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6
Q

Natural experiment

A

An observational study conducted in a natural environment with no control over any variable.

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7
Q

Natural experiment - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Ecological validity.

DIS = Can’t control any variables.

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8
Q

On-line research

A

Research carried out on the internet.

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9
Q

On-line research - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Easy to get.
= Can get a wider / larger sample.

DIS = Social desirability bias.

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10
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

Participants can’t be randomly assigned to the IV. Requires a specific group of people.

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11
Q

Quasi-experiment - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Designs can be strengthened with control groups.

DIS = Can’t rule out other factors.

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12
Q

Participant observation

A

Researcher does get involved.

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13
Q

Participant observation - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Rich qualitative data.

DIS = Biassed. Risk of getting too involved.

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14
Q

Non participant observation

A
  • Observing participants without actively participating.
  • Not getting involved.
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15
Q

Non participant observation - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = No ethical issues if people know they’re being observed.

DIS = People act differently as they know they’re being observed. Demand characteristics.

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16
Q

Content analysis

A

Analysing methods used to identify key words and themes in qualitative data and convert them to quantitive data.

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17
Q

Content analysis - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Can turn written data into numbers making it easier to analyse.

DIS = Could be researcher bias as it is subjective.

18
Q

Structured interviews/questionnaires

A

Every participant gets the same questions. Can give both qualitative & quantitative data.

19
Q

Structured interviews/questionnaires - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Provides both qualitative & quantitative data.

DIS = Social desirability bias, may not give truthful answers. May give answers that they think will make them look good.

20
Q

Semi-structured interviews

A

Some questions are the same, allows new questions to be brought up.

21
Q

Semi-structured interviews - advantages & disadvantages

A

ADV = Allows more in depth qualitative data.

DIS = It’s possible to write leading questions which can make the interview data bias.

22
Q

Correlational studies

A

Research measures two variables in order to look for a relationship.

23
Q

Correlational studies - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = May predict human behaviour.

DIS = Possibility of a third variable.

24
Q

Case studies

A

A detailed analysis of one person, group or event.

25
Q

Case studies - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Rich, in depth qualitative data.

DIS = Data can’t be generalised to the wider population.

26
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Researchers conduct several observations on the same subject over a period of time, some last many years.

27
Q

Longitudinal studies - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Can look at changes that may occur over time.
=The subject doesn’t change suggesting changes are due to environmental factors.
= Rich qualitative data.

DIS = Participants may drop out.
= Can be expensive.

28
Q

Cross sectional studies

A
  • Analyses data from a population.
  • Looks at different groups of people in a specific area.
  • Can be multi-cultural.
29
Q

Cross sectional studies - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Used to prove or disprove assumptions.
= Can compare different groups of people.

DIS = Cannot be used for analysing behaviour.
= People may not understand what to do.
= Some groups may not want to get involved.

30
Q

Self-reports

A

An individual reports information on themselves, e.g. a dream diary.

31
Q

Self-reports - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Provides qualitative and quantitative data.

DIS = Social desirability bias lowers validity.

32
Q

Brain scans

A
  • Methods used to produce images of the brain to show its structure and functions.
  • MRI, PET, CAT.
33
Q

Brain scans - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Doesn’t use radiation.
= Can identify active parts of the brain.

DIS = Very expensive.

34
Q

Quantitative data

A

Numbers, statistics.

35
Q

Quantitative data - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Can put data into graphs.

DIS = Data isn’t detailed.

36
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data in the form of words, videos or photos.

37
Q

Qualitative data - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Provides detailed data.

DIS = Can’t put data into graphs.

38
Q

Primary sources

A

Original research by the person who conducted them.

39
Q

Primary sources - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Information is accurate.

DIS = Can be researcher bias, written by one person.

40
Q

Secondary sources

A

Articles that summarise the original research.

41
Q

Secondary sources - advantage & disadvantage

A

ADV = Allows psychologists to look back at the study and verify if it’s wrong.

DIS = May not be accurate.

42
Q

Peer reviews

A

When an expert looks over your research to check the quality and validity.

Psychology Paper 2 (12 decks)

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