Methods I

Question 1

What type of study is the following: Fuel consumption of pizza delivery motorbike

Answer 1

Descriptive

Question 2

What type of study is the following: Vote intention for the next elections

Answer 2

Descriptive

Question 3

What type of study is the following: Sales rate by sex.

Answer 3

Correlational

Question 4

What type of study is the following: Reading comprehension by age.

Answer 4

Correlational

Question 5

What type of study is the following: Test scores improved by new educational program?

Answer 5

Causal

Question 6

What type of study is the following: Ad click rate increased by new interface design.

Answer 6

Causal

Question 7

What is meant with the study type ‘descriptive’?

Answer 7

Statistics on that what exists: factual gathered information.

Question 8

What is meant with the study type ‘Correlational’?

Answer 8

Studying the relationship between multiple things.

Question 9

What is meant with the study type ‘causal’?

Answer 9

Determine if one thing causes (an effect on) the other.

Question 10

What are independent variables (IV)?

Answer 10

Variables that are manipulated by the researcher or nature.

Question 11

What are dependent variables (DV) ?

Answer 11

Variables that are presumably affected by the Independent Variables.

Question 12

In the process chart, how do we classify IV’s?

Answer 12

As (un)controllable factors on the process.

Question 13

In the process chart, how do we classify DV’s?

Answer 13

As a response of the factors (IV’s).

Question 14

What kind of variables are controllable factors?

Answer 14

IV’s

Question 15

What kind of variables are uncontrollable factors?

Answer 15

IV’s

Question 16

What kind of relationship do we expect from numerical vs numerical?

Answer 16

positive vs negative

Question 17

What kind of relationship do we expect from categorial vs categorial?

Answer 17

count differences

Question 18

What kind of relationship do we expect from numerical vs categorial (or vise versa) ?

Answer 18

differences across groups

Question 19

What is sought after with causality (or causation)?

Answer 19

When we can say that one aspact causes change in another aspect -> we find the IV and DV respectively.

Question 20

What do require to establish causation (causality) ?

Answer 20

Correlation between IV and DV, The change in IV happens before the change in DV, No other explaination possible.

Question 21

Does correlation mean there is also causallity?

Answer 21

No, relation does not mean one causes the other.

Question 22

Does causality mean there is correlation?

Answer 22

Yes, this is required

Question 23

What is the main reason that it is hard to establish a single explaination in causality?

Answer 23

Unknown (and often uncontrollable) factors.

Question 24

What is the third variable problem?

Answer 24

That there are (un/)known variables at play that influence our data without our knowledge.

Question 25

What are lurking variables?

Answer 25

A type of third variable; Unkown to us, they can cause changes in DV's and IV's

Question 26

What is often the cause for lurking variables in your data?

Answer 26

Poor planning

Question 27

What are confounding variables?

Answer 27

Type of third variable; Known to us, They cause change in only DV's. But their effect cannot be destinguished from that of any other IV.

Question 28

What is often the cause for confounding variables in your data?

Answer 28

Poor design of research

Question 29

What are mediating variables?

Answer 29

Third variable problem: Variables that facilitate the relationship between two other variables.

Question 30

What are moderating variables?

Answer 30

Third variable problem: They have an effect on the relationship between two other variables.

Question 31

What is the description of sampson's paradox?

Answer 31

When the effect between two groups dissapears/reverses when looking at the subgroups.

Question 32

What does sampson's paradox imply?

Answer 32

That there is a third variable to group by, either (un)controllable and (un)known.

Question 33

What is the description of Inspection Paradox?

Answer 33

The perceived observations or results are skewed from the truth due bias. (e.g. arrival time between trains feels longer than factually true.)

Question 34

What paradox is this? : The average classroom size according to students is larger than it actually is, because students are more likely to get (randomly) placed in larger classrooms.

Answer 34

Inspection

Question 35

What are quantriative variables?

Answer 35

Numerical variables such as age or testscores: measured quantity

Question 36

What are qualitative variables?

Answer 36

Not numerical variables or the numerical value is meaningless.

Question 37

What is meant with: levels of a variable should be exhaustive and mutually exlusive?

Answer 37

Exhaustive: Should contain all possible levels, Mutually exclusive: There should be a clear destinction between each level, and only one possible at a time.

Question 38

What are the different types of levels of measurements?

Answer 38

Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Question 39

What level of measuremnt are variables of the type nominal?

Answer 39

Qualitative: sex, nationality, company (usually categorial variables)

Question 40

What level of measuremnt are variables of the type ordinal?

Answer 40

Qualitative, There is order, but no sense of magnitude: difficulty (none < some < much), agreement (totally > partially > slightly).

Question 41

What level of measuremnt are variables of the type interval?

Answer 41

Quantitative, There are magnitudes (equally spaced) but there is no zero or ground: Dates, age range, or temperatire (IN C OR F !)

Question 42

What level of measuremnt are variables of the type ratio?

Answer 42

Quantitative, sense of magnitude where the zero has a meaning: mass, temperature in kelvin, length, duration.

Question 43

Is it sensible to compute the median of ordinal variables?

Answer 43

Yes, ordinal variables are categorial.

Question 44

Is it sensible to compute the mean of ordinal variables?

Answer 44

No, the mean is meaningless as ordinal variables have no sense of magnitude or scale. (categorial)

Question 45

What is the main difference between ratio and interval variables?

Answer 45

Ratio variables have a (meaningfull) zero, where intervals are just magnitudes without a sens of scale.

Question 46

What is the difference between thurstone and lickert?

Answer 46

Thurstone is agree/disagree without neutral, where lickert offers multiple magnitudes and neutral options.

Question 47

What are indexes?

Answer 47

Quantitative (numerical) scores that combine multiple variables and reflect a single, general construct: e.g. an economical index may include dept, residence and purchasing power.