methods of modifying of autism Flashcards
(38 cards)
who was PECS developed by? what Is it? improves what?
Brody and Frost in 1985. Its a from of communication to complement spoken language. It improves functional communication that usually develops in a child’s first year.
what does PECS replace?
ASD fail to do what?
replaces spoken words with pictures. Recommends verbal speech but that’s secondary. It uses operant conditioning and modelling to improve communication and social behaviour.
fail to begin conversations. PECS helps them to spontaneously begin conversations.
what is the first stage of pecs?
Pre programme preparation – find object interested in to reinforce communicative behaviour.
whats the second stage of pecs ?
Physical exchange – teacher shows learner a motivating object, learner will reach and facilitator encourages leaner to pick up card for what they want. Physically helps hand over. Repeated many times using different objects and different locations.
whats the third stage of pecs ?
Increasing independence - more effort from child, try and try again – not rewarded immediately. Picture cards also made into a book, moving the pictures around.
whats the 4th stage of pecs?
Learning to discriminate – number of pictures increased, decide between similar pictures.
whats the 5 stage of pecs ?
Sentence structure – build sentence stirps.
what the 6th stage of PECS?
Answering direct questions – should be automatic – asked direct questions like what do you want?
whats the 7th stage of pecs?
Commenting – asked wide range of questions like what do you have? Move beyond simply asking for objects to form more complex sentences.
what supporting research is there for PECS?
Christy et al - 3 boys with ASD all had non existent spontaneous speech before PECS. Twice a week for 15 minutes. Once child improved 28%-100% and was still shown 12 months later. Eye contact and joint attention also improved. (small sample and androcentric)
evidence of easy to use - pecs?
Christy et al – study showing it can be used easily and quickly – 170 minutes for all 6 stages. Easy to implement and use.
PECS - wide applications?
Not require to possess sills like eye contact before – many can have access.
Flippin et al – meta analysis on 11 differnt studies, some cases speech development was negatively affected. Flawed methodology – rated quality of studies as ‘adequate’.
PECS - Psychological harm?
child is likely to enjoy the process as they receive regular positive reinforcement by obtaining their desired object. Low risk of psychological harm.
PECS - impact on the family?
family stress reduced as communication becomes easier and more effective.
why is baron Cohen critical?
critical of any treatment that relies on external rewards. Desired item withheld until they give the card – short term psychological harm, distress. Also removes freedom from the child . Argues for internal rewards like pre existing interest the child has.
Alternative treatments to pec?
Alternative treatments may also bring costs and could be more expensive and less effective. The effectiveness may be worth the costs. Cost could be minimised through homemade versions of the picture cards.
economic benefits of PECS ?
greater independence and potentially more workers. Economic benefits as less money to spent on welfare and disability benefits.
social implications - what is PECS?
trademarked and branded training program belonging to Pyramid educational Consultants. Purchase cards for a price. PECS practitioners are trained by them and these costs are usually met by public sector. May not be justified can claim has limited long term effectiveness and it may actually harm some people.
What does RDI focus on trying to improve? how does it work? type of what?
trying to improve the cognitive and empathy deficits. RDI works by modifying the child’s perceptions of other peoples thoughts and feelings. Its a type of cognitive behavioural therapy.
what do Gustein and Shelly address?
Based on what assumption?
who needs to be involved?
address emotional and communication deficits. RDI is based on the assumption that children with ASD have missed important developmental skills. Skills like beginning a conversation, sharing a joke and sharing feelings with others cannot be developed by parents alone – RDI consultant needs to be involved.
what is RDI based on? whats the aim of RDI?
based on dynamic intelligence – the ability to think flexibly that includes appreciating different perspectives, coping with change and combining information from multiple sources at the same time.
RDI aims to help individuals with ASD form personal relationships by gradually strengthening the building blocks of social connections. RDI is thought to offer a second chance.
whats the first objective of RDI?
Emotional referencing – improving ability to share emotional experiences through verbal and non verbal communications.
whats the second objective of RDI?
Social coordination – observe and control behaviour to successfully participate in social relationships.
whats the third objective of RDI?
Declarative language – language and non-verbal communications to express curiosity, invite interactions, share perceptions and feelings and work/play with others.
