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MI and Genomics > MI 01: Intro > Flashcards

MI 01: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

List general forein features of microbes.

A
  1. Exposed mannose residues in CHO

2. Unmethylated CpG in DNA

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2
Q

List the major categories of microbes. Star the obligate (intracellular/extracellular) category.

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Parasites
  4. Viruses* (intracellular only)
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3
Q

Bacteria are (uni/multi)-cellular (pro/eu)-karyotes with (rigid/lack of) cell wall. List the two main subcategories of bacteria.

A

Unicellular prokaryotes with rigid cell wall;

  1. Gram-negative
  2. Gram-positive
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4
Q

Gram-(p/n) bacteria consist of thick (X) layer. These (are/aren’t) surrounded by outer (Y) membrane.

A

positive;
X = peptidoglycan;

Aren’t

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5
Q

Gram-(p/n) bacteria consist of thin (X) layer. These (are/aren’t) surrounded by outer (Y) membrane.

A

negative;
X = peptidoglycan and lipoprotein;
Are;
Y = lipopolysaccharide (aka endotoxin)

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6
Q

Gram-(p/n) bacteria may have flagella.

A

Both

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7
Q

Gram-(p/n) bacteria may have surrounding capsule, composed of (X) shell.

A

Both;

X = polysaccharide

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8
Q

(X) microbes are distinguished from host because they initiate protein synthesis with (Y) instead of (Z).

A 
X = bacteria;
Y = N-formyl methionine
Z = unmodified methionine
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9
Q

Fungi are (uni/multi)-cellular (pro/eu)-karyotes (with/without) cell wall. List the two main subcategories of fungi.

A

Uni or Multicellular; eukaryotes
With cell wall;

  1. Single cell yeasts
  2. Multi-cell molds
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10
Q

Fungi cell wall composed of:

A

Polysaccharides and polypeptides

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11
Q

Parasites are (uni/multi)-cellular divided into which subcategories?

A

Both;

  1. Single-cell protozoa
  2. Multi-cell/organ worms or helminths
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12
Q

Why are (X) microbes obligate intracellular parasites?

A

X = viruses;

Require host machinery to replicate nucleic acids and synthesize proteins

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13
Q

Viruses are divided into which subcategories? Star the ones that have (X) capsid surrounding (Y).

A
  1. Enveloped*
  2. Non-enveloped*
X = protein
Y = DNA/RNA
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14
Q

(X) viruses kill target cell. (Y) viruses don’t - what do they do instead?

A 
X = non-enveloped
Y = enveloped

Exit host cell via budding

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15
Q

Malaria is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = parasitic

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16
Q

Ebola is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = viral

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17
Q

Tetanus is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = bacterial

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18
Q

Strep throat is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = bacterial

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19
Q

Vaginal yeast is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = fungal

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20
Q

Mumps and measles are examples of (X) microbe diseases.

A

X = viral

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21
Q

Athlete’s foot is example of (X) microbe disease.

A

X = fungal

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22
Q

AIDS and Hep B are examples of (X) microbe diseases.

A

X = viral

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23
Q

(Innate/adaptive) immunity is pre-existing and (quick/slow).

A

Innate;

Quick

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24
Q

(Innate/adaptive) immunity has memory and acts (quickly/slowly).

A

Adaptive;

slowly

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25
(Innate/adaptive) immunity recognizes general features of microbe groups.
Innate
26
(Innate/adaptive) immunity has faster and (lesser/greater/equal) response to second encounter with same antigen.
Adaptive; | Greater
27
The main cells of the immune system.
Leukocytes
28
Main cells of adaptive immunity are (X).
X = B and T lymphocytes
29
B cells mature in (X) and T cells in (Y).
``` X = bone marrow; Y = thymus ```
30
The generative (central) lymphoid organs.
Bone marrow and thymus
31
B and T cells undergo cell division/differentiation in (central/peripheral) (X).
Peripheral | X = lymph organs
32
Main leukocytes of innate immunity are (X).
X = monocytes, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells
33
Monocytes differentiate into (X) in (Y) tissue.
``` X = macrophages; Y = peripheral ```
34
(X) leukocytes are derived from sel-renewing hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. What are the two lineages/pathways of maturation?
X = All; 1. Myeloid lineage 2. Lymphoid lineage
35
List examples of peripheral lymph organs.
1. Spleen 2. Lymph nodes 3. Mucosa- and skin-associated lymph tissue
36
List the soluble molecules of immune system.
1. Antibodies 2. Complement 3. Cytokines
37
T cells come from common (lymphoid/myeloid) progenitor.
Lymphoid
38
B cells come from common (lymphoid/myeloid) progenitor.
Lymphoid
39
Target-binding receptors are acquired in (central/peripheral) lymph organs.
Central (thymus and bone marrow)
40
Innate immunity cells acquire which target-binding receptors?
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
41
B cells acquire which target-binding receptors?
B cell receptor (BCR)
42
T cells acquire which target-binding receptors?
T cell receptor (TCR)
43
Each (PRR/BCR/TCR) is the same on all cells that express it.
PRR
44
(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found in enormous diversity.
BCRs and TCRs
45
(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found on cell surface and intracellularly.
PRRs
46
(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found only on cell surface.
TCRs
47
(PRR/BCR/TCR)s are found on cell surface and soluble molecules.
BCRs
48
T/F: The antibody secreted by B cell is the same as its BCR.
True
49
Target-binding receptors bind to ligand through (reversible/irreversible), (covalent/non-covalent) interactions.
Reversible, non-covalent
50
Strength of interaction between one target subunit and one receptor.
Affinity
51
Strength of interaction between multiple target subunits and multiple receptor molecules.
Avidity
52
Foreign components that bind to target-binding receptors are called (X). Self/host components that bind are called (Y).
X = Y = antigens
53
B and T cells are referred to as "naive" up until:
they encounter antigen
54
While most (adaptive/innate) immune cells just pass through vasculature of (X) organs, (Y) cells enter (Z).
Innate; X = peripheral lymph Y = B and T Z = extravascular space (interstitium) of the organs
55
List the antigen-presenting cells and the cells to whom they present.
1. Dendritic cells (T cells) 2. B cells (T cells) 3. Macrophages (T cells) 4. Follicular dendritic (B cells)
56
Which cell(s) of immune system undergo clonal selection? This process includes cell (activation/proliferation/differentiation).
T (into effector T) and B (into plasma) cells All three
57
Following clonal selection, the (X) cells (reside/circulate) in (Y).
X = B cells and T cells; Don't circulate - reside; Y = B cells in bone marrow and T cells in infected interstitium
58
List the two general strategies used by immune system to kill microbial particles.
1. Intracellular killing (phagocytosis) | 2. Extracellular killing (cytotoxicity)
59
Lysing is an example of (intra/extra)-cellular killing of microbes.
Extracellular
60
Which leukocytes primarily carry out intracellular killing of microbes?
Monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages
61
List two examples of extracellular killing of microbes.
1. Bacteria by complement (lysis) | 2. Worms by eosinophils (toxic injection)
62
Activation of additional immune forces includes (activation/secretion) of which substance(s)?
1. Activation of complement system | 2. Secretion of cytokines
63
The complement system consists of a group of (X) produced by (Y) and present in (Z).
``` X = proteins; Y = liver Z = blood ```
64
One key role of complements in immune response is:
lysis of microbes
65
Cytokines are (X) produced/secreted by primarily (Y).
``` X = soluble peptides; Y = macrophages, T helper, and dendritic cells ```
66
T/F: Each cytokine has a specific receptor.
True
67
T/f: Cells producing particular cytokine can't have surface receptor for that cytokine.
False - they may (exerting autocrine/self effect)
68
T/F: Cytokines rely on diffusion, so their effect is only exerted at short-range.
False - mainly short-range, but if produced in large quantities, can also diffuse via vasculature
69
What's the primarily function of cytokines?
Communication between immune system cells and each other/host cells
70
(Cytokines/chemokines) are subset of (cytokines/chemokines).
Chemokines; cytokines
71
Guided migration of immune cells via interaction with chemokines is a process called:
Chemotaxis
72
Leukocytes communicate via cell-cell interactions, mediated by which types of receptors?
1. CDs | 2. MHCs

MI and Genomics (16 decks)

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