Micro 1 Flashcards

Question

Microscopes | - ESEM

Answer 1

- Electron scanning emission microscope

Answer 2

- "First" to discover microscope / make magnification better - Made a spherical glass/ lenses to look at small details/ magnified image of fabric's thread quality - Got magnification up to 600x - Moved on to pond/rain water and saw moving things - animals or bacteria or Protozoa - medal: lifetime achievement in microbiology (awarded every 10 years)

Answer 3

- Discovered the "real" microscope first - Micrographics - Coined the term "cells" while looking at cork (plants/trees)

Answer 4

- Father of Aseptic Techniques for surgery - improper cleaning of surgical instruments lead to post surgical infections. - Listeria - bacteria that grows in cold conditions (ice cream, milk, salads, etc) -Listerine - named after him. - His father - Joseph Jackson Lister - combined convex and concave lenses to give the Achromatic Lenses - reduced fraction of light passing through lenses to give a clearer image

Answer 5

Father of Parasitology - Known for work with liver fluke - Fasciatis hepatica - Ascaris (roundworms) - Ascaris lumbricades (human species - did not believe in Spontaneous Generation Ex. Maggots do not just appear in rotting meat, but come from flies

Answer 6

Priest and biology - tried to prove spontaneous generation: "killed" everything in a broth by boiling it & waiting to see if bacteria/mold still grew - microbes still grew because he left it open

Answer 7

Catholic priest - built on Needham's experiment by sealing half the jars of boiled nutrient broth and leaving the other half open - ALMOST disproved spontaneous generation - BUT "air was required" for spontaneous generations which he did not provide as one of his tests

Answer 8

Father of Microbiology - Pasteurization: heating of liquids for safer consumption - contributed the swan-neck flask to DISPROVE spontaneous generation: allowed air into the sample without allowing other contaminations - isolated Pasteurella in Fowl Cholera & created first vaccine against it (human transmission by cat bites) - create first vaccines for Rabies (virus) & Anthrax - Bacilluls anthracis (bacteria)

Answer 9

- worked under Pasteur - First to notice how inoculation worked: gave old culture of Pasteurella to chickens & none died. Then gave fresh culture to same chickens and still none died - found they acquired an immunity

Answer 10

- Russian Botanist - Worked with TMD (tobacco mosaic disease(virus)) very transmissible disease among plants/tobacco - first to find a non cellular disease that could pass on its disease (virus) using Chamberland filter to isolate disease

Answer 11

- First developed version of a rabies vaccine - Discovered that Cholera (diarrhea) was caused by bacteria Vibrio cholera epidemic - discovered Diphtheria was caused by bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 12

Started because Alfred Nobel discovered dynamite but his brother, who just died, was given the credit, and he saw at his funeral that people did not like it (cause of mayhem and bad for mankind). So Alfred started the Nobel prize to encourage people to be recognized for good advancements in human history.

Answer 13

- Created an antiserum for Diphtheriae - injected antibodies into an organism that will produce a response that you can isolate and inject into another organism to instigate immunity - FIRST NOBEL PRIZE FOR PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE IN 1901 FOR HIS DISCOVERY AND AVAILABILITY OF THE ANTISERUM

Answer 14

- 2nd Father of Microbiology - German Physician - Nobel Prize: discovered causative agent of tuberculosis - discovered causative agent for cholera - isolated anthrax - used solid media to grow organisms - Petri dish (agar - solid at room temperature) (previously used solid: potato skins; previously used liquid: broth)

Answer 15

- Microorganism must be found in abundance in the organism or host suffering from the disease & should NOT be found in healthy individuals - Microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture (solid media) - Cultured Microorgansim should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism - Microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated diseased experimental host & identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent - if all of those are consistent with the same organism, and disease was caused in the original organism & experimental organism THEN that is the causative agent

Answer 16

- Epidemiologist that work with veterinarians - Discovered causative agent of Texas Cattle fever: Babesia - that southern cattle were less sensitive than northern cattle - ticks were the vector of the disease - first discovery that Arthropoda could transmit disease - discovered Salmonella with his boss David Salmon : did not get credit

Answer 17

- Worked with malaria - Protozoans in blood cells cause disease & were transmitted by mosquitoes - worked with African sleeping disease : Trypanosoma - Nobel Prize in 1907

Answer 18

- Also worked with malaria - found in the gut of mosquitos - discovered avian malaria (assumed it was human) - suggested mosquito control = malaria control - received second Nobel Prize in 1902

Answer 19

- Discovered human malaria parasite - never received a Nobel Prize for his work (Koch was the arbitrator & drama) - worked out the lifecycles of parasites - worked on human tapeworms & roundworms (self experimenting)

Answer 20

- British military - Worked with Trypanosoma bruceii/ African Sleeping Sickness & Nagana in cattle - discovered tsetse fly as vector - worked with bacteria Brucella (caused undulant fever (low grade) in humans and abortions in sheep

Answer 21

-Most remembered for work with Yellow Fever in Cuba (issue while building Panama Canal - workers kept d) - Carlos Finlay : discovered it came from a virus carried by mosquitoes called Flaviviruses Ex. Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever

Answer 22

- Russian zoologist - Father of Natural Immunity - worked with starfish larvae - studied phagocytosis (cells engulfing material) - Nobel Prize in 1908 for discoveries in basic immunology

Answer 23

- German physician - shared Nobel Prize in 1908 - worked with stains: acidic vs basic vs neutral stained different parts of cells - basis of gram staining - mast cell: inflammation response of immune system - found treatment for trypanosoma & syphilis - arsenic

Answer 24

- Father of Immunology - advanced the practice of "variolation" by demonstrating use of cowpox to immunize against smallpox - Pasteur coined term "vaccine" after his work with cowpox Variolae Vaccinae

Answer 25

- living bodies are usually attractive places for microbes (nutrient rich, protected) - commensalism organisms

Answer 26

Capable of causing disease

Answer 27

Severity between different strains of disease

Answer 28

ALWAYS likely to cause disease

Answer 29

Depending on the environment, it can cause disease | Ex. E. coli in the GI tract vs in urine

Answer 30

- intact skin - respiratory tract - GI tract - urinary tract

Answer 31

- simple anatomic barrier - harsh, dry environment - sweat/enzymes; low pH - commensalism bacteria out-compete pathogens

Answer 32

- coughing/sneezing reflexes - mucous flow, "Mucocillary escalator" - alveolar macrophages

Answer 33

- diarrhea/vomiting - low pH of stomach and bile acids - commensalism bacteria

Answer 34

- urine flow | - low pH of urine

Answer 35

- Generalized response to any foreign invader | - it is "hard-wired," always "on-call," and does not have memory

Answer 36

- way for defensive cells and immune system proteins (e.g. Antibodies and complement) to focus and concentrate in areas of microbial invasion - tumor: swelling - rubor: redness - calor: Heat - dolor: pain - [loss of function]

Answer 37

- detect invaders - eat invaders - kill invaders - kill infected cells

Answer 38

- bind and kill invaders - Coat/identify invaders to be killed by other cells - prevent growth/reproduction of invaders - isolate or prevent the spread of invaders - mobilize other defense processes

Answer 39

- also called "acquired immunity" - Takes days to weeks to become effective - recognize foreign invaders - destroys invaders using a carefully orchestrated ensemble of receptors and chemical signals (chemokines/cytokines) - retains memory of the encounter

Answer 40

- foreign invaders trigger the immune response due to foreign characteristics on their surface - antigen: any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it - epitope: specific piece of an antigen that an antibody binds to

Answer 41

- secondary reaction is called the "an amnestied response" | - along with memory, there is a quicker and more intense response on subsequent exposures

Answer 42

- can morph into many different types of cells | Ex. Erythrocytes. Platelets. Granulocytes - basophils. Eosinophils. Neutrophils.