Micro

Question 1

Lipoteichoic acid

Answer 1

Gram positive organisms

Question 2

Endotoxin/LPS

Answer 2

Gram negative organisms

Question 3

Thick peptidoglycan layer

Answer 3

Gram positive organisms

Question 4

Mycolic acid

Answer 4

Mycobacteria

Question 5

Sterols, no cell wall

Answer 5

Mycoplasma (doesnt gram stain)

Question 6

Don’t gram stain well

Answer 6

Treponema - too thin, dark field microscopy
Mycobacteria - high lipid contact
Mycoplasma - no cell wall
Legionella - intracellular, silver stain
Rickettsia - intracellular
Chlamydia - intracellular

Question 7

Giemsa stain

Answer 7

chlamydia, borrelia, rickettsiae, trypanosomes, plasmodium

Question 8

PAS

Answer 8

stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides - Tropheryma whipplei - dx whipple disease

Question 9

ziehl-neelsen (carbol fuchsin)

Answer 9

acid fast - Nocardia, Mycobacterium

Question 10

India ink

Answer 10

Cryptococcus, capsule

Question 11

Silver stain

Answer 11

Fungi (pneumocystis), legionella, H pylori

Question 12

H influenza growth

Answer 12

Chocolate agar w V (NAD+) / X (hematin)

Question 13

N gonorrhea, N meningitidis media

Answer 13

Thayer martin (vancomycin, polymyxin, nystatin)

Question 14

B pertussis growth

Answer 14

Bordet gengou

Question 15

C diptheriae media

Answer 15

tellurite agar

Question 16

m tuberculosis growth

Answer 16

lowenstein jensen

Question 17

m pneumonia

Answer 17

Eaton agar, cholesterol

Question 18

lactose fermenting enterics

Answer 18

macconkey agar

Question 19

legionella agar

Answer 19

charcola yeast

Question 20

fungi

Answer 20

sabouraud dextrose agar

Question 21

encapsulated organisms

Answer 21

s. pneumo, h influenza, n. meningitidis, e coli, salmonella, k pneumonia, group B strep

Question 22

Fx of capsule

Answer 22

antiphaocytosis

Question 23

Urease positive bugs

Answer 23

Cryptococcus, h pylori, proteus, ureaplasma, nocardia, klebsiella, s epi, s saprophyticus

Question 24

M protein

Answer 24

Group A strep

prevent phagocytosis

Question 25

Protein A

Answer 25

S. aureus, binds Fc of IgG, prevents opsonization, phagocytosis

Question 26

Exotoxin

Answer 26

tetanus, botulism, diptheria | G- and G+

Question 27

Endotoxin

Answer 27

G - outer cell membrane LPS induces TNF, IL1, IL6 fever, shock

Question 28

Pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat, severe lymphadenopathy - bull neck

Answer 28

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Question 29

Diptheria toxin moa

Answer 29

inhibits EF-2 (elongation factor) (inhib protein synth)

Question 30

Toxin of pseudomonas aeruginosa, MOA

Answer 30

exotoxin A, inhibits EF-2 (inhibits protein synthesis)

Question 31

Shiga toxin bacteria leads to moa

Answer 31

Shigella, EHEC Hemolytic uremic syndrome inactivate 60s ribosome, remove adenine from rRNA (inhibits protein synth)

Question 32

ETEC toxins

Answer 32

Heat labile - overactivates adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP, increase chloride secretion in gut and water efflux -> watery diarrhea Heat stable - overactivates guanylate cyclase, increase cGMP, decrease resorption of NaCl and water in the gut

Question 33

Bacillus anthracis toxin

Answer 33

Edema factor, increase cAMP, black eschar

Question 34

Cholera toxin

Answer 34

overactivates adenylate cyclase causign chloride secretion -> high volume rice water diarrhea

Question 35

Pertussis toxin

Answer 35

overactivates adenylate cyclase by disabling Gi. Impairs phagocytosis -> survival of microbe -> whooping cough

Question 36

tetanus toxin

Answer 36

protease that cleaves SNARE req for NT release -> spasticity, risus sardonicus, lockjaw. Prevents release of inhibitory NT - GABA/Glycine

Question 37

Botulinum toxin

Answer 37

protease cleaves SNARE req for NT release -> flaccid paralysis, floppy baby. Prevents release of excitatory signals (ACh)

Question 38

Clostridium perfringens toxin

Answer 38

Alpha toxin

Question 39

Alpha toxin

Answer 39

Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes -> gas gangrene and "double zone" C perfringens

Question 40

S pyogenes toxin

Answer 40

streptolysin O

Question 41

Streptolysin O

Answer 41

protein that degrades cell membrane -> beta hemolysis | Ab SO used to diagnose rheumatic fever

Question 42

Staph aureus toxin

Answer 42

Toxic shock sndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) brings MCH II and TCR outside of Ag binding site -> outstanding IFN gamma and IL2 release -> toxic shock, fever rash shock, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning

Question 43

Strep pyo toxin

Answer 43

Exotoxin A - MCHII and TCR together outside of Ag binding site -> aggressive IFN gamma and IL2 release -> shock -> fever, rash ,shock

Question 44

Endotoxin induces

Answer 44

``` IL1 - fever TNF - fever, hypotension NO - hypotension C3a - hypotension, edema C5a - neutrophil chemotaxis Activates tissue factor - coagulation, DIC ```

Question 45

Transformation

Answer 45

Take up naked DNA

Question 46

Conjugation

Answer 46

Plasmid incorporation F+ - plasmid trasnfer HFR - plasmid and chromosomal transfer

Question 47

Transposition

Answer 47

jumping segments of dna can excise and reintegrate, excision may include flanking DNA eg antibiotic resistance genes

Question 48

"packaging" event, lytic phage infects bacterium leads to cleavge of bacterial DNA. Parts of bacterial chromosomal DNA may be packaged in viral capsid. That phage then infects another bacteria, transferring the genes

Answer 48

Generalized transduction

Question 49

"excision event" lysogenic phage infects bacterium, viral DNA incorporates into bacterial chromosome. Phage DNA excision may include bacterial genes. DNA is packaged into phage viral capsid to infect another bacterium. includes: shiga, botulinum, cholera, diptheria, erythrogenic toxin of strep pyo

Answer 49

Specialized transduction