Micro 2

Question 1

hilus

Answer 1

conduit on anterior surface for blood vessels and nerves supplying the ovary

Question 2

ovary function

Answer 2

generate female gametes (oocytes)

synthesize female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone

Question 3

4 layers of the ovary

Answer 3

outside to inside: germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex, medulla

Question 4

germinal epithelium

Answer 4

simple, cuboidal epithelium. continuous with mesothelium that lines the mesovarium, broad logament, and peritoneal cavity. high regenerative capacity allows rapid healing after ovulation. likely source of most ovarian cancers

Question 5

tunica albuginea

Answer 5

dense, irregular connective tissue. collagen fibers and fibroblasts

Question 6

cortex

Answer 6

follicles: oocytes plus follicular epithelium. stroma: highly cellular connective tissue with some smooth muscle. Endocrine glandular tissue: inclues theca interna, corpus luteum, and interstitial glands. well vascularized

Question 7

medulla

Answer 7

loose connective tissue. contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 8

function of ovarian follicles

Answer 8

house germ cells. synthesize estrogen

Question 9

structure of ovarian follicles

Answer 9

small, spherical pockets. follicular epithelium made of follicular cells surround a large oocyte. basement membrane of follicular epithelium defines outer boundary. oocyte depends on follicular cells for delivery of nutrients and removal of waste. it is avascular

Question 10

oocyte formation

Answer 10

occurs only during fetal development. primordial germ cells differentiate into oogonia. oogonia go through mitosis. oogonia enter meiosis. 2 divisions happen and there are now primary oocytes

Question 11

primordial follicle formation

Answer 11

stromal cells undergo mesenchymal to epithelial transition to form follicular epithelium. only occurs during fetal development. Primordial follicle = primary oocyte + simple squamous epithelium

Question 12

primordial follicle features

Answer 12

primary oocytes: very large cells with euchromatic nuclei. simple, squamous follicular epithelium: suggests low metabolic activity. dormant. most numerous follicle in fertile ovaries, densely packed in outer portions of cortex.

Question 13

initiation of follicle growth

Answer 13

FSH activates small fraction of primordial follicles. promotes cells to make aromatase. aromatase converts precursors into estrogen, which drives mitosis

Question 14

unilaminar primary follicle

Answer 14

primary oocyte grows rapidly, nucleus expands and organelles proliferate. follicule epithelium becomes simple cuboidal: increased metabolic activity. Primary oocyte + simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 15

multilaminar primary follicle

Answer 15

epithelium becomes stratified cuboidal, now called the granulosa. zona pellucida forms, a layer of glycoproteins surrounding primary oocyte. promotes sperm association and activation. folipodia from granulosa cells penetrate this zone to contact oocyte microvilli. primary oocyte + stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 16

secondary follicles

Answer 16

follicular liquid is secreted by granulosa cells. antrum, a large fluid filled space is formed. cumulus oophorous, a mount of granulosa cells, protrudes into the antrum and anchors the oocyte to the follicle wall. corona radiata forms made of granulosa cells. primary oocyte + stratified cuboidal epithelium + one or more fluid filled spaces

Question 17

graafian follicles

Answer 17

usually only 1 follicle becomes a graafian during each menstrual cycle. follicular liquid swells cell to 2 cm diameter. stigma, or a whitish bulge on ovary surface, can be seen.

Question 18

theca folliculi

Answer 18

stroma cells surrounding a growing follicle differentiate to form the folliculi. made of two laters

Question 19

theca externa

Answer 19

supportive outer layer of smooth muscle, fibroblasts, and collagen.

Question 20

theca interna

Answer 20

highly vascular inner layer with steroid hormone producing cells. produces steroid hormone precursors for estrogen production by granulosa

Question 21

atretic follicles

Answer 21

programmed cell death of follicles. granulosa cell apoptosis, oocyte apoptosis and autolysis, and zona pellucida destruction. large follicles display dying granulosa cells and leave a collagenous scar due to basement membrane. scar called corpus fibrosum

Question 22

interstitial glands

Answer 22

after follicle atresia, sometimes the theca interna becomes a gland. significantly present in humans in early puberty

Question 23

ovulation

Answer 23

release of secondary oocyte from the ovary by rupture of a graafian follicle. LH stimulates ovulation by triggering changes that weaken the follicle wall and increase follicular liquid production

Question 24

oocyte complex

Answer 24

secondary oocyte + zona pellucida + corona radiata

Question 25

corpus luteum origin

Answer 25

arises from ruptured follicles in response to LH. LH causes formation of leuteinized granulosa and theca cells, which undergo hypertrophy. lipochrome pigments accumulate in the granulosa cells, giving luteum a yellow color

Question 26

corpus luteum function

Answer 26

makes progesterone and estrogen. progesterone stimulates uterine lining to prepare for embryo implantation

Question 27

fate of corpus luteum

Answer 27

if no pregnancy, undergoes luteolysis. corpus albicans, a large scar, remains. if pregnant, human chorionic gonadotropin produced. mimics LH

Question 28

4 subdivisions of the oviducts

Answer 28

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intramural part. in order: where oviduct opens to peritoneal cavity, long wide portion, straight portion connecting ampulla and uterus, passes through uterine wall

Question 29

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 29

fertilized embryo implants in oviduct mucosa. lethal hemorrhaging if no action is taken