Physio 1

Question 1

chorionic gonadotrophin

Answer 1

HCG, secreted by fetal placental unit. stimulates corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone during early pregnancy

Question 2

human placental lactogen

Answer 2

HPL, a peptide with growth hormone and prolactin-like actions

Question 3

hormones (definition)

Answer 3

blood borne polypeptides, amines, or steroids that bind with high affinity to specific receptors

Question 4

steroid hormones

Answer 4

diffuse through cell membranes to a receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus. regulate gene transcription and respond in hours to days

Question 5

peptide-amine hormones

Answer 5

secreted in vesicles, bind to receptors on cell membranes. signal transduction cascades affect a bunch of cell processes. reponse time of seconds to minutes

Question 6

pseudohypoparathyroidism

Answer 6

alterations in G proteins that sometimes affect certain signaling systems. key defect is an abnormality in a stimulatory alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein. causes lack of ability of PTH to regulate body calcium and phosphorous homeostasis

Question 7

hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Answer 7

exerts central control over multiple endocrine organs. hypothalamus has neural connections to the posterior pituitary, and only is connected to the anterior lobe through specialized blood vessels

Question 8

short loop feedback

Answer 8

anterior pituitary hormones feeding back on hypothalamus

Question 9

long loop feedback

Answer 9

feedback of hormones released from peripheral glands onto the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Question 10

prolactin

Answer 10

under tonic inhibitory control by dopamine. if stalk of pituitary is severed, prolactin increases. TRH stimulates prolactin release. performs negative feedback on itself through short loop pathway. can increase prolactin with a dopamine receptor antagonist.

Question 11

oxytocin

Answer 11

promotes milk let down and uterine contractions. neuropeptide. can be secreted in response to sight, smell, or sound of an infant, and orgasm. cells that make this are in the paraventricular nuclei

Question 12

ADH

Answer 12

major regulator of body fluid osmolarity. increases secretion in response to an increase in serum osmolarity. (water deprivation). promotes water reabsorption through receptor V2. causes contraction of vascular smooth muscle by stimulating V1.

Question 13

central diabetes insipidus

Answer 13

failure of posterior pituitary to secrete ADH

Question 14

hypopituitarism

Answer 14

insufficiency of pituitary to release hormones or insufficiency of hypothalamic-releasing hormones. clinical findings show deficiencies in one or more of ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and ADH. treatment is hormone replacement therapy