Micro Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Purpose of peptidoglycans
A
gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure, determines how much gram strain will be picked up. Sugar backbone with peptide side chain cross linked by transpeptidase
2
Q
Gram + vs gram - color
A
Gram + pruple, gram - pink
3
Q
function of cell wall/cell membrane (gram +)
A
major surface antigen, induces TNF and IL1
4
Q
function of outer membrane (gram -)
A
site of endotoxin, lipid A induces TNF and IL-1
5
Q
periplasm function
A
space btwn cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram negative bactr, contains hydrolytic enzymes including B lactamases
6
Q
glycocalyx function
A
mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign substances – sugar coat, think biofilm/capsule
7
Q
Gram + bacteria examples
A
- Staph, strep (cocci)
- clostridium, corynebacterium, bacillus, listeria, mycobacterium,gardnerella (bacillus)
- actinomyces, nocardia (branching)
8
Q
Gram negative examples
A
-neisseria (coccus)
==RODS==
- Ecoli, shigella, salmonella, yersinia, klebsiella, proteus,enterobacter,serratia, bivrio, campylobacter,helicobacte,r psuedomonas, bacteriodes(enterics)
- haemophilus, legionella, bordetella (respiratory)
- francisella, brucella, pasteurella, bartonella (zoonotic)
- leptospira, borrelia, treponema (spirochete)
- ricketssiea,chlamydia (plenomorphic)
9
Q
Unique thing about cell membrane/wall for mycoplasma
A
contains sterols and has no cell wall (hence why some abx dont work)
10
Q
Unique thing about mycobacteria cell wall
A
contain mycolic acid,high lipid content
11
Q
Capsule function in bacteria
A
protects against phagocytosis,usually polysaccharide (except D-glutamate in bacillus anthracis)
12
Q
Bugs which dont gram stain well
A
“These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color”
-Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlaymdia
can use silver stain for legionella
13
Q
for waht bugs do you use Giemsa stains
A
Chlamydia, Borrelia,Rickettsiae, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium,Histoplasm
“Certian Bugs Really Try His Patience”
14
Q
PAS stains for..
A
Stains glycogen/mucopollysacharides –> Tropheryma whipplei
15
Q
Ziehl Neelson stain
A
Acid Fast organisms (nocardia, mycobacteria)
16
Q
India Ink stain
A
cryptococcus neoformans
17
Q
Bug grown on Chocolate agar w Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
A
H. Influenza
18
Q
Culture reqs for H Infleunza
A
Chocolate Agar w/ FV and FX (NAD+ and hematin, respectively)
19
Q
Thayer martin media grows what two bugs, and has what 3 bugs
A
Neissseria gonorrhoea and neisoerria meningitidis
VPN: Vancomycin, polymyxin, nystatin
20
Q
Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar grows
A
Bordetella
21
Q
Loffler’s Media grows
A
C Diphtheriae
22
Q
Lowenstein Jensen agar grows
A
TB
23
Q
Eatons agar grows
A
M pneumoniae
24
Q
MacConkey’s agar grows, and what color do fermenting bac grow
A
they turn pink; Think lactose fermenting bacteria (Citrobacter, Ecoli,klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia)
CKEES
25
Charcoal yeast extract grows
Legionella
26
Sabarouds agar grows
Fungi
"Sabaroud is a fun guy"
27
Obligate aerobes include
Are O2 depedent, and includes
Nocardia, pseudomonas, mycobacterum tberculosis, bacillus
"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"
28
Obligate anaerobes include
| typical abx include?
Clostridium, bacteriodes, actinomyces
they lack catalose/superoxide dismutase --> are susceptible to oxidative damage, genreally foul smeling
Tx: clindamycin, metronidazole
"can't breathe air"
29
Obligate intracellular bugs
Rickettsia and Chlamydia (cant make their own ATP)
30
Facultative Intracellular
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria,Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia estis
"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"
31
Encapsulated Bacteria have what + reaction, and include what species?
+ quellung reaction
Strep pneumo, Haemophils influenza, Neisseria Meningitids, E Coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, GBS, Pseudomonas
"Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies"
32
Quellung reaction indicates what?
Encapsulated species
33
Catalase + organisms include
| Also, pts with what disease are more prone to these infections?
Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candidda, EColi, Staph Aureus, Serratia
Pts with chronic granulomatous disease have recurrent infxns
34
Pigment of the following bacteria:
- Staph Aureus
- Actinomycess Israelii
- Serratia Marcescens
- Pseudomonas Aeurginosa
- gold
- gold
- red
- green
35
Importance of bacterial viurlence factor Protein A, which bug has it?
Binds Fc region of Ig, prevents opsonization and phagocytosis -- staph aureus
36
Importance of bacteriaul virulence factor - IgA protease, who has it?
Enzyme cleaves IgA, Strep Pneumo, H Influenza, Neisseria (SHiN)
37
Importance of bacterial virulence factor M protein - who has it
prevents phagocytosis, seen on Group A strep
38
More toxic: endo or exotoxin?
Exotoxin
39
Result of Endotoxin
- Activates macrophages (IL1, TNF, and NO release)
- Activates complement (C3a, C5a)
- Activates tissue factor (DIC)
ENDOTOXIN:
Edema, NO, DIC/Death, Outer Membrane, TNFa, O-antigen, eXtremely heat stable, IL-1, Neutrophil chemotaxis
40
Toxin associated with corynebacterium diptheria and MOA
Diptheria toxin, inactivates elongation factor 2
41
Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin and MOA
Exotoxin A - inacitvates elongation factor 2
42
Shigella toxin and MOA
shiga toxin - inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA - causes GI mucosal damage --> dysentery
43
EHEC toxin and moa
Shiga Like Toxin (verocytotoxin) which inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
44
two toxins of ETEC and MOA
increased fluid secretion
LT and ST (heat labile and heat stable)
- LT activates adenylate cyclase, leading to increased cAMP --> increase Cl secretion in gut and H2o efflux)
- ST activates guanylyl cyclase,leading to increased cGAMP --> decreased NaCl and H2o resoption in gut
Wattery diarrhea: labile in the Air (cAMP) and stabile on the ground (cGMP)
45
Bacillus anthracis 3 toxins and MOA
edema factor, lethal factor, protective Ag
mimics adeylate cylcase activity (increased cAMP), causes increased fluid secretion
46
vibrio cholera releases..
cholera toxin, overactivates adenylate cycalse (cAMP) by permanently activating Gs --> incnreased CL- and H2O secretion in gut
47
Bodetella pertussis toxin and activity
| What disease is caused?
Pertussis toxin which activates adenylate cycalse --> increased cAMP, impairs phagytosis
causes whooping cough
48
Clotridium tetanus rleases what toxin, and what MOA?
Tetanospasmin, cleaves SNARE protein required for NTM release, prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine) NTM,causing muscle rigidity
49
Clostriduum botuliniuum has what exotoxins
Botulinum toxin, cleaves SNARE protein required for NTM release, prevents release of stimulatory (ACh) signal at NMJ, causes flaccid paralysis
50
Yersinia Enteridis toxin, associated with what disease?
similar to ETEC- overactivates cGMP, causes abdpominal pain, "psuedo appendicitis"
51
Clostridium perfringens releases what two toxins and has what MOA
releases alpha toxin, which is a phospholipase which degrades tissue and cell membranes.
also has enterotoxin for food poisoning
52
Strep pyogenes exotoxin
Streptolysin O, which degades cell membranes
53
Staph Aureus Toxins (x2?)
TSST-1 and Enterotoxins
TSST brings MHC II and TCR in proximity, causing overwhelming release of IFNy and IL-2 --> shock
54
Strep pyogenes (GAS) has what superantigen and what MOA?
Exotoxin A --> brings MHC II and TCR in proximity, causing overwhelming release of IFNy and IL-2 --> shock
55
Meaning of alpha vs beta vs gamma hemolysis
Alpha - partial hemolysis with green cleaning (strep pneumo or strep viridans)
Beta - completel hemolysis with white clearing (GAS) - Strep pyogenes or GBS (Strep agalictiae)
Gamma - no hemolysis, no clearining - Enterococcus
56
Clinical presentation of Strep Pneumo
Meningitis, Otitis Media, Pneumonia, Sinusitis
MOPS
57
Staph exotoxins can cause what?
Shock, Staph Scalded skin Syndrome (TSST)
| gastroenteritis (enterotoxin)
58
Rheumatic Fever Criteria?
JONES
- Joint pains
- Pancarditis
- Nodules
- Erythema marginatum
- Sydenham's Chorea
59
Toxins associated with Strep Pyogenes (GAS)
- Streptlysin O --> hemolysis, O2 labile
- Streptolysin S - hemolysis, O2 stable
- Eryhtogenic/Pyogenic toxins --> Skin rash, fever, scarlet fever
- Exotoxin : toxic shock like syndrome
60
Pyogenic, Toxigenic, and Immunologic result of GAS/Strep Pyogenes
1. pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo
2. Scarletfever, toxic shock like syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis
3. PSGN, Rheumatic Fever
61
causes of cellulitis/impetigo
Staph aureus and strep pyogenes
62
Clostridium difficile's two toxins MOA
Often secondary to what abx use?
Toxin A: enterotoxin binds to brush border of gut
Toxin B: cyotoxin, destroys the cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes, causing psuedomembranous colitis
Usually clindamycin, ampicillin
63
Waterhouse friderichsen syndrome? caused by?
Adrenal hemorrhage, casued by N. Meningococcus
64
Hemophiluscuases what sx?
hEMOPhilus
| Epiglottis, meningitis, otitis media/sinusitis, pneumonia
65
Psuedomonas Aeurgionsa causes what disease?
PSUEDOmonas
Pnuemonia, Sepsis, Externial otitis media, UTI, Drug use, and diabetic osteomyleitis
Produces endotoxin and exotoxin A
66
Kelbsiella's 4 A's
Aspiration pnuemonia, abscess in lungs and liver, Alcoholic, diAbetics
67
Lyme dz manifestations:
FAKE:
| Facial nerve palsy,arhtralgias, kardiacblock, erythyma migrans
68
associated with cat scratch disease
bartonella spp
69
cat scratch in immunocompromised patient
bacillary angiomatosis, regional LAD
70
Borrelia burgdoferia
lyme dz, caused by ixodes tick
71
unpasteurized dairy
brucella, brucellosis
72
puppies/live strock (ingestion of undercooked meat)
campylobacter, bloody diarrhea
73
parrots, other birds
chlamydiophila psittaci, psittacocis, severe PNA
74
Aerosols of cattle, sheep amniotic fluid
Q fever, coxiella burnetii
75
Lone star tick
Ehrlichiosis, ehrlichia chaffeensis
76
Animal urine transmission
leptospira,leptospirosis
77
Armadillos and humans with specific skin dzL
mycobacterium leprae, leprosy
78
animal bite, cats,dogs
pasteurerlla multicoccida, causes cellulitis and osteomyelitis
79
louse
rickettsia (epidemic typhus) or borrelia
80
dermacentor tick bite
Rocky mountain potted fever, rickettsia rickettsii
81
Fleas
Endemic typgus, rickettsia typhi
82
Fleas, rats, and prairie dogs
Yersinia pestis, bubonic plaque
83
Rickettsial diseases
- Triad
- can all be treated with
- Weil-felix rxn + or -?
- HA, fever, Rash
- Doxycycline
- + weill felix rxn bc of Ab agglutination
84
Palm and Sole rash seen with which infections?
Coxsackie A, RMSF, secondary syphilus (CARS)
85
5 organisms assocaited with birds
Histoplasma, cryptococcus neoformans, chlamydophyla psittaci,WNV, H5N1
86
Disease location of:
- Histoplasmosis
- Blastomycosis
- Coccidiomycosis
- Paracoccidiomycosis
- histo: Mississippi and Ohio River valleys (found with bird/bat droppings)
- blasto: East of mississippi river, central america
- SW US, California
- Latin Aerica - looks like captains wheel
87
4 main classes of infections
Bacteria, VIruses, Fungi, Parasites
88
Protozoa causing
| -GI, CNS, Heme, Visceral, STDs infxns
GI: Giardia, entomoeba histolytica, cryptospordium
CNS: toxoplasma gondii, naegleria fowelderia, Trypanosoma
Heme: plasmodium, Babesia
Viscerial: Leschmaniasis, trypanosmaCruzii
STD: trichomonas
89
3 main types of parasites cause disease in humans:
- Protozoa - usually unicellular)
- Helminths - multicellular (3 main groups are nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes)
- Ectoparasites (think ticks, fleas, mites, and lice)
90
Nematode route of infection
Ingested: enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella
Cutaneous: Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necotar
You'll get sick if you EAT these!
These get into your feet from the SANd!
91
Brain cysts, seizures
Taneia solium (cysticerciosis)
92
Liver cysts
Echinoccocus granulosus
93
VitB12 Deficiency
Diphyllobothrium
94
Biliary tract disease,cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis
95
Hemoptysis
Paragonismus westermani
96
Portal HTN
Schistosoma mansoni
97
Hematuria, bladder cancer
Schistostoma haemtobium
98
Microcytic anemia
Ancylostoma, necator
99
Perianal pruiritis
Enterobius
100
Live viruses:
Smallpox,yellow fever, VZV, Sabin's polio, MMR, and nasal infleunza,rotavirus
MS. PRIVY
101
Killed Virus
Rabies, Influenza, Salk Polio, HAV vaccines
| PAIR
102
Vaccines with egg
Yellow fever, Influenza
103
All RNA viruses except _____ are ssRNA
reovirus and retrovirus
104
Positive stranded RNA viruses
retrovirus, togavirus, flavivurus, coronavirus,hepevirus, calicivurus, picornavirus
105
All viruses are ____loid except for ___ which are ____
all viruses are haploid, except retrovruses, which are diploid (have 2 ssRNA)
106
All DNA viruses replicate in ____ except ____
nucleus,poxvirus (smallpox, molluscum contagiosum)
107
All RNA viruses replicate in ____ except ___
cytoplasm, influenza/retroviruses
108
DNA viruses include
Hepadna, herpes, adeno, pox, parvo,papiloma, and polyoma virus
109
Naked/noneveloped viruses include:
papillomavirus,adenovrus, picornavirus, polyomavirus,calcivurs, parvovirus,reovirus,and hepevirus
give PAPP (DNA) smears and CPR to a naked Heppy (RNA)
110
Herpesvirus
| Enveloped, DNA structure, and important viruses in family
```
HSV 1 - oral
HSV 2 - genital ulcers
VZV - 3
EBV -4
CMV - 5
HHV6 - roseola
HHV7 - less common cause of roseola
HHV8 - Kaposi's sarcoma
```
yes envelope, DS linear
causes latent dz, reacitvated later
111
Hepadnavirus
| Enveloped, DNA structure, and important viruses in family
yes enveloped, DS and partial circular DNA
HepB Virus
112
Adenovirus
| Enveloped, DNA structure, and important viruses in family
No envelope, DS and linear DNA
| febrile pharyngitis,PNA, conjunctivitis
113
parvovirus
| Enveloped, DNA structure, and important viruses in family
no envelope, SS and linear (negative strand)
| parvo B19
114
ppillomavirus
| Enveloped, DNA structure, and important viruses in family
No envlope, DS and circular
HPV 1,2,6,11,16,18
115
polyomavirus
| Enveloped, DNA structure, and important viruses in family
No envelope, DS and circular
JC virus
116
poxvirus
| Enveloped, DNA structure, and important viruses in family
yes envelope, DS and linear
smallpox, vaccinia,and molluscum
117
Reoviruses
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
no, DS linear
| Coltivirus, Rotavirus
118
1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
Rotavirus
119
Picornaviruses
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
no envelope, ss + linear, PERCH viruses
| Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackie viruses, HAV
120
Hepevirus
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
no envelope, SS + linear, HEV
121
Caliciviruses
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
```
No envelope, +SS linear
Norwalk viruse (think cruise ship diarrhea)
```
122
Flavivirus
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
Yes envelope, SS + linear
| HCV, yellow fever, dengue, WNV
123
togavirus
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
yes enveloped, SS + linear
| rubellea
124
Retroviruses
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
yes enveloped, SS + inear
| HIV, HTLV
125
Coronaviruses
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
Yes enveloped, SS + linear,
Coronavirus -- common cold
126
Orthomyxovirus
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
yes enveloped, SS negative linear RNA
| Infleunza virus
127
Paramyxoviruses
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
Yes enveloped, SS negative linear RNA
parainfluenza (croup)
RSV (bronchiolitis)
measles, Mumps
128
Rhabdoviruses
Rabies
129
Filoviruses
| Enveloped, RNA structure, and important viruses in family
yes enveloped, ss neg linear RNA
EBOLA, marburg hemorrhagic fever
130
Negative stranded viruses
must tx negative stand to positive strand,virus brings its own RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses,Paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, filoviruses, rhabdoviruses
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication
131
Segmented viruses -- DNA or RNA?
all are RNA
| BOAR - Bunyaviruses, Orthomyxociurses, Arenaviruses,Reoviruses
132
Cough, Coryza, COnjunctivitis?
MEASLES virus, a paramyxovirus, can see koplik spots
133
parotitis, orchitis,meningitis
Mumps virus
134
What can cause viral meningitis
Coxsackie virus,echovirus, enterovirus, mumps virus
135
Hepataitis Viruses - what kind of family?
```
HAV = RNA picornavirus
HBV = DNA hepadnavirus
HCV = RNA flavivirus
HDV = RNA deltavirus
HEV = RNA hepevirus
```
136
Gp120 fxn?
| gp41 fxn?
```
gp120 = attachment to host CD4+ T cell
gp41 = fusion and entry
```
137
HIV p24 fxn?
Capsid protein around RNA
138
3 genes of HIV
gag (p24),pol (reverse transcriptase,aspartate protease,integrase), env (gp120, gp41)
139
Food poisoning from contaminated seafood
vibrio parahemolyticus/vulnificus
140
food posinoining from reheated rice
bacillus cereus
141
poisnoing from meats, mayo, custard
Staph aureus (PREFORMED TOXIN)
142
reheated meat dishes
clostridium perfringens
143
Clostridium botulinum
improperly canned foods
144
undercooked meat
EColi (O157:H7)
145
poultry, meat, eggs
Salmonella (no preformed toxin)
146
Bloody diarrhea:
campylobacter,salmonella, shigella, EHEC, EIEC, Yersinia entercolatia, entomobea
147
Watery diarrhea
ETEC, vibrio cholera, Cdiff, Cperfrigens, protozoa, viruses
148
PNA nosocomial
Staph,enteric gram neg rods
149
PNA in immuncomoromised
Staph, enteric gram neg rods, fungi, viruses, PCP
150
aspiration PNA
Anaerobes (tx with clinda)
151
alcoholic/IVDU PNA
klebsiella, staph, strep pneumo
152
CF PNA
Pseudomonas, staph, strep
153
Post viral PNA species?
Staph, HFlu, Strep pneumo
154
Atpical PNA?
Mycoplasma, Legionealla, Chlamydia (tx with macrolides)
155
COPD PNA?
HInfluenza
156
most common cause of osteomyelitis
Staph aureus
157
4 causes of meningitis in HIV?
Cryptococcus, CMV< toxoplasmosis, JV virus
158
TORCH infections? their significance?
Toxoplasma,HSV2, Syphillis, Rubella, CMV, HIV -- they can cause congenital malformations
159
Chorioretinitis,hydrocephalus, and intracranial calficications?
Toxoplasma godi TORCH infxn
160
PDA or pulm artery hyoplasia, cataracts, and deafness?
Rubella TORCH infxn
161
hearing loss, seizures, petchieal rash
CMV TORCH infxn
