Micro

Question 1

what are big differences between prokaryotes v. eukaryotes

Answer 1

membrane bound organelles in E

Question 2

what is same between pro. and euk.

Answer 2

ribosomes
DNA of some kind
plasma membrane

Question 3

similarities between gram + and gram -

Answer 3

peptidoglycan

Question 4

gram +

Answer 4

thick peptidoglycan
more sensitive to antibiotics
sensitive to lysozyme

Question 5

gram 0

Answer 5

outer membrane with pores
LPS
Nag-Nam

Question 6

dsDNA viruses

Answer 6

go directly to nucleus to be replicated

Question 7

+ strand (sense) RNA

Answer 7

looks like mRNA

copied directly

Question 8

-strand (antisense) RNA

Answer 8

must copy to make + strand before you make proteins

Question 9

what do retroviruses rely on?

Answer 9

reverse transcriptase

Question 10

if you have a promoter where RNA polymerase will bind within promotor you also have

Answer 10

operator

acts as on. off switch

Question 11

regulatory gene of operons

Answer 11

lac gene

Question 12

preferred energy source of operon

Answer 12

glucose

Question 13

if both lactose and glucose are present (lac operon) which will it utilize?

Answer 13

glucose

Question 14

if lactose present by not glyuose?

Answer 14

cAMP binds to CAP

acts as super magnet for transcription to accur

Question 15

attenuation

Answer 15

regulation of transcription by controlling transcription termination

termination of transcription in leader region

Question 16

trp operon and attenuation

Answer 16

translation stalls b/c no charged trp tRNAs therefore transcription occurs

high trp levels = lots of charged trp tRNAs so no stalling of RNA polymerase and no need to make more trp so no transcription occurs

Question 17

activation of transcription is caused by

Answer 17

sigma factor binding to TATA box

Question 18

where does glycolysis (EM pathway) occur in bacteria?

Answer 18

cytosol

Question 19

ED pathway occurs wehre

Answer 19

in cytosol

Question 20

ED v. EM pathway

Answer 20

ED is alternative to EM

get less ATP and 1 NADPH with ED

Question 21

TCA cycles occurs…

Answer 21

in cytosole

Question 22

electron transport occurs..

Answer 22

in membrane

Question 23

with no oxygen or final electron acceptor?

Answer 23

pyruvate is converted to something else – FERMENTATION

lactic acid

Question 24

purpose of fermentation?

Answer 24

to regenerate NAD to continue to produce ATP

ATP production via EM pathway

Question 25

components of innate immunity

Answer 25

``` barrier defenses chemical defenses complement inflammation lysozyme ```

Question 26

lysozyme

Answer 26

found in tears, salvia, breast milk, mucous works by breaking NAG-NAM bonds

Question 27

where are microbes typically NOT FOUND in body?

Answer 27

deep lungs bladder brain

Question 28

kinases

Answer 28

digest fibrin clots

Question 29

coagulase

Answer 29

coagulates fibrinogen (protective factor)

Question 30

fimbrae

Answer 30

aids in attachment (adhesion molecule on surface)

Question 31

M protein

Answer 31

resists phagocytosis and helps adherence

Question 32

capsules

Answer 32

prevent opsonization/phagocytosis

Question 33

opa protein

Answer 33

inhibits t cell activation helper T cells

Question 34

endotoxin

Answer 34

lipid chemistry produce fever Gram - heat stable

Question 35

exotoxin

Answer 35

secreted by gram + protein chemistry heat labile

Question 36

plasmid fingerprinting

Answer 36

use RE to digest plasmid | get landing pattern to distinguish between different strains

Question 37

indirect agglutination

Answer 37

Abs agains Ag and 2ndary AB binds to FC region SANDWHICH

Question 38

direct agglutination

Answer 38

ABs to agglutinate whole cells that serve as AG

Question 39

direct fluorescence

Answer 39

ABs are fluorescent and bind to Ag

Question 40

Ab titers

Answer 40

series of dilution looking for agglutination

Question 41

zone of equivalence

Answer 41

Ab/Ag binding ratio (optimal) results in lattice formation and observe banding

Question 42

direct ELISA v indirect ELISA

Answer 42

direct: fishing for Ag indirect: fishing for Ab in serum then find Ag

Question 43

fluorescent Abs are used for

Answer 43

microscopy | flow cytometry

Question 44

neutralization

Answer 44

allow you to look at cytopathic effects

Question 45

immunoflouresence

Answer 45

dyes added to AB without altering ability to bind to Ag

Question 46

indirect agglutination

Answer 46

small Ag linked with something you can see binding Ab to detect Ag

Question 47

monoclonal Abs com from

Answer 47

hybridomas