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DT3 Exam 2 > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

common characteristics of systemic fungi

A

dimorphic (mold in cold, yeast in heat)

endemic-confined to specific location

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2
Q

characteristics of blastomycosis

A

endemic to Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, Great Lakes and SE US
mimics bacterial pneumonia in acute
mimics TB or lung cancer in chronic
can disseminate in immunocompromised

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3
Q

diagnosis of blastomycosis

A

KOH prep
sputum, BAL, lung tissue, skin biopsy
methenamine silver stain
broad based yeast

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4
Q

characteristics of histoplasmosis

A

endemic to Ohio and Mississippi River valleys
found in soil rich in nitrogen and birds/bats
mimics TB-formation of granuloma

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5
Q

ARDS and histoplasmosis

A

10% inflammatory sequelae
persistent lymphadenopathy, bronchial obstruction, arthritis, arthralgias, pericarditis
mediastinal fibrosis-persistent host response, constriction of mediastinal structures

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6
Q

diagnosis of histoplasmosis

A

direct microscopy
yeast phase in sputum, BAL, fluid, blood films, bone marrow
tissue stained with Giemsa, GMS, PAS
small yeast

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7
Q

characteristics of coccidioidomycosis

A

endemic in Southwest (c. posadasii mostly outside Ca)
arid, alkaline soils
outbreaks after dust storm and earthquakes
spherules (can be mistaken for toxoplasma)

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8
Q

presentation of coccidioidomycosis

A

imitates syphilis and typhoid
forms necrotizing granulomas
spherules filled with endospores

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9
Q

presentation of paracoccidioidomycosis

A

granulomatous disease of mucous membranes, skin, pulmonary system
can disseminate to extrapulmonary sites

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10
Q

diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis

A

sputum, BAL, scrapings or biopsy of ulcers

multiple buds forming “Captains wheel”

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11
Q

characteristics of penicillium marneffei

A

opportunistic pathogen in individuals with AIDS and other immunosuppression
can mimic TB, leishmaniasis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis

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12
Q

cellular injuries due to bacterial invasion and multiplication

A 
competitive metabolism
bacterial quorum sensing
virulence factors
toxin production
intracellular vs. extracellular growth
dynamic growth
biofilm formation
complement activation
Ab-Ag production
activation of inflammation
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13
Q

cells in acute infection

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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14
Q

cells in acute allergies

A

eosinophils and mast cells

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15
Q

cells in chronic infection

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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16
Q

mediators in acute infection

A

complement, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, acute phase cytokines, chemokines

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17
Q

mediators in chronic infection

A

cytokines from macrophages and T cells

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18
Q

characteristics of CF

A

most common genetic disease in Caucasians
AR
chromosome 7-gene product is CF transmembrane conductance regulator

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19
Q

most common deletion in CF

A

deltaF508

causes product to stay in Golgi

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20
Q

common complications of CF patients

A

pancreatic insufficiency

intestinal blockage-meconium ileus

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21
Q

signs and symptoms of CF

A 
family history
salty tasting skin
chronic cough with sputum secretion
chronic wheezing
meconium ileus
staph pneumonia in infancy
chronic pansinusitis/nasal polyposis
liver disease
delayed puberty
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22
Q

bacterial components in CF

A

change from S. aureus to P. aeruginosa

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23
Q

characteristics of pseudomonas

A 
gram negative
aerobic and anaerobic
rod shaped
motile (pili and flagella)
grape like odor
environmental bacterium
simple growth requirement
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24
Q

alginate

A

exopolysaccharide
mucoidy
requires a lot of energy
forms biofilm (exopolysaccharide matrix enclosed bacterial community)

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25
clinical manifestations of CF
localized lung infections-excessive neutrophil infiltration infections confined to bronchi and bronchioles malnutrition
26
source of damage in CF
neutrophils in crhonic infection | type III hypersensitivity
27
treatment of CF
suppressive inhaled tobramycin and oral azithromycin combination-anti-pseudomonas penicillin, ticarcillin or piperacillin plus aminglycoside
28
second most common infectious cause of death in adults
TB
29
locations of TB
secondary-in the apex of the lung
30
characteristics of mycobacterium TB
``` obligate aerobic rod Gram + like wall infections from aerosols resistance to drying and chemicals waxes in cell wall grows slowly in vitro and vivo acid fast due to mycolic acid ```
31
mycolic acid
beta hydroxy fatty acid linked to murein
32
transmission of TB
prolonged close contact between susceptible with active case of TB
33
virulence factors of TB
grow inside macrophages and monocytes prevents phagosome/lysosome fusion (escape of phagosome) LLO homologue (hemolysin) allows for escape prevents acidification of phagosome by producing NH4 mycolic acids induce immune response
34
TB with pigmented colonies
M. kansasii or m. marinum
35
characteristics of caseous granuloma
central core-multinucleated giant cells (fused macrophages) epithelioid cell-large macrophage CD4 T cells can also be found in syphilis, histo, crypto, coccidio
36
AIDS and TB
kills more rapidly more likely to develop extrapulmonary disease, lymph nodes, genitourinary CNS miliary TB reduced CD4 does not allow macrophages to be activated more susceptible to MAI (inherently more drug resistant)
37
caveats to PPD
immunocompromised and AIDS may not react cross reactive to other mycobacteria foreign nationals who receive BCG
38
structure of picornavirus
``` single stranded, non-segmented RNA + polarity capsid with few structural proteins icosahedral capsid, no envelope rhino-acid labile (others acid stable) ```
39
ECHOvirus location of virus in summer aseptic meningitis
virus in CSF
40
new enterovirus that causes respiratory illness
type D68 | especially severe in children and teenagers with asthma
41
incubation period for rhinovirus
24 hour
42
impracticality of rhinovirus vaccine
can't grow well in tissue culture short immunity, IgA many serotypes one type> one geographic area
43
characteristics of coronavirus
``` similar to negative strand viruses ssRNA, + polarity helical nucleocapsid peplomers in envelope (glycoproteins) replication in cytoplasm mature by budding ```
44
receptors for coronavirus
metalloprotease and coreceptor N-acetyl neuraminic acid
45
replication of coronavirus
replicative intermediate | bud from ER to acquire envelope and peplomers
46
strain A of coronavirus
infectious bronchitis | primarily in adults
47
SARS
lower respiratory tract infections symptoms of high fever, cough, SOB spread by coughing and sneezing
48
incubation period for SARS
2-7 days
49
cell receptor for SARS
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on epithelial cells
50
characteristics of adenovirus
capsid of 240 hexons and 12 pentons pentons-antigenic dense nucleoid core linear dsDNA DNA noncovalently linked circular DNA
51
components of pentons
base fiber knob
52
division of adenovirus
DNA base composition oncogenic properties hemagglutination cell interactions
53
preference of infection for adenovirus
conjunctiva, respiratory and intestinal epithelium and regional lymph nodes restricted to ARD
54
adeno pneumonia in children
type 7 and type 3
55
oral vaccine for adeno
4 and 7
56
binding of viruses
strong binding does not get cleared by sweeping of the mucociliary cell system lysis of infected cells-leads to symptoms
57
incubation times for primary respiratory vs secondary respiratory
longer incubation if viremia established
58
structure of paramyxovirus
``` ssRNA -polarity, nonsegmented helical nucelocapsid RNA dependent RNAP envelope 6 structural proteins ```
59
glycoprotein HN
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
60
glycoprotein H
only hemagglutinin
61
glycoprotein F
fusion of membranes
62
paramyxovirus
mumps, parainfluenza virus | HN, F envelope glycoproteins
63
morbilliviruses
measles virus | H, F glycoprotein
64
pnemovirus
RSV | F glycoprotein
65
activation of F protein
proteolytically cleaved on viral envelope surface to yeild an infectious virus particle located on surface of infected cells-can lead to formation of polykaryocytes (syncytia)
66
replication of paramyxovirus
cytoplasmic (measles has a nuclear stage) | replication requires RNA dependent RNAP
67
types of parainfluenza virus
type 1 croup, ARD of newborns type 3 usually first, then 1,2,4 IgA short lived
68
pneumovirus (RSV)
bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants F glycoprotein can also cause lower respiratory disease common in winter
69
enhanced severity of RSV
maternal IgG does not protect and may enhance severity
70
treatment of RSV-prophylaxis
RSV immune globulin anti-RSV monoclonal ab palivizumab to at risk babies
71
killed vaccine for RSV
harmful | causes immune complex formation
72
structure of orthomyxovirus
``` ssRNA, - polarity 8 segments for A,B 6 segments for C helical nucleocapsid RNA dependent RNAP ```
73
antigens from influenza
``` nucleocapsid and M protein H ags (detected by hemagglutination, neutralization, C-fixation) ```
74
role of neuraminidase
important in budding | lowers viscosity of mucus
75
antigenic drift
point mutations | leads to epidemics
76
antigenic shift
H antigenic variation due to reassortment between humans and animals causes pandemics
77
antigenic sin
new infection with influenza A | response strongest to first subtype
78
influenza B
less frequent shift and drift Reye's syndrome (acute noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of liver, polyneuritis, hypoglycemia) Guillain Barre
79
amantadine and rimantidine
block uncoating | give to those sensitive to egg proteins
80
ribavirin
inhibits RNA synthesis
81
zanamivir
inhibitors of neuraminidase
82
seasonal vaccines
formalin inactivated trivalent vaccine-two A and one B start vaccination in October/November
83
split vaccine
subunit proteins H and N non-toxic and non-pyrogenic
84
intranasal vaccine
not recommended due to poor protection against H1N1 | produces IgA and IgG
85
swine flu
targeted healthy young
86
goal of vaccination in bioterrorism
``` protect against weaponized influenza extensive reduction (low baseline) ```

DT3 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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