Micro Flashcards
1
Q
Capsule in B Anthracis
A
Poly D glutamate
2
Q
Endotoxin mediates effects via
A
Lipid A activation of TNF, IL1, IL6
3
Q
Outermembrane unique to
A
Gram -
4
Q
Lipoteichoic acid unique to
A
Gram +
5
Q
Lipoteichoic acid induces
A
TNF alpha and IL1
6
Q
Staphhylococcus
A
Gram + coccus in clusters
7
Q
Streptococcus
A
Gram + coccus in chains/pairs
8
Q
Enterococcus
A
Gram + coccus in pairs or short chains
9
Q
Bacillus
A
Gram + rod
10
Q
Clostridium
A
Gram + rod
11
Q
Corynebacterium
A
Gram + rod
12
Q
Gardnerella
A
Gram variable rod
13
Q
Lacobacillus
A
Gram + rod
14
Q
Listeria
A
Gram + rod
15
Q
Mycobacterium
A
Acid fast rod (gram+?)
16
Q
Propionibacterium
A
Gram + rod
17
Q
Actinomyces
A
Branching rod
18
Q
Nocardia
A
Weakly acid fast branching/filamentous
19
Q
Moraxella
A
Gram - coccus
20
Q
Neisseria
A
Gram - coccus
21
Q
Bacteroides
A
Gram - enteric rod
22
Q
Campylobacter
A
Gram - enteric rod (comma)
23
Q
Fusobacterium
A
Gram - enteric rod
24
Q
Helicobacter
A
Gram - enteric rod
25
Klebsiella
Gram - enteric rod
26
Proteus
Gram - enteric rod
27
Pseudomonas
Gram - enteric rod
28
Salmonella
Gram - enteric rod
29
Serratia
Gram - enteric rod
30
Shigella
Gram - enteric rod
31
Vibrio
Gram - enteric rod
32
Yersinia
Gram - enteric rod
33
Bordetella
Gram - respiratory rod
34
Burkholderia
Gram - respiratory rod
35
Haemophilus
Gram - respiratory rod (pleomorphic)
36
Leigionella
Gram - respiratory rod (silver stain to see)
37
Bartonella
Gram - zoonotic rod
38
Brucella
Gram - zoonotic rod
39
Francisella
Gram - zoonotic rod
40
Pasteurella
Gram - zoonotic rod
41
Anaplasma
Gram - pleomorphic
42
Ehrlichia
Gram - pleomorphic
43
Chlamydiae
Gram - pleomorphic -- giemsa stain
44
Rickettsiae
Gram - pleomorphic -- giemsa stain
45
Mycoplasma
Gram - pleomorphic (membrane has sterols that do not gram stain)
46
Borrielia
Gram - spirochete (Giemsa)
47
Leptospira
Gram - spirochete
48
Treponema
Gram - spirochete
49
Bugs that don't gram stain well
Treponema, Leptospira (too thin);
Mycobacteria (high lipid in cell wall);
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma (no cell wall);
Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia (Primarily intracellular)
These Little Microbe May Unfortunately Lack Real Color But Are Everywhere
50
Giemsa stain bugs
Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium
Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience
51
PAS bug
Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple disease)
52
Ziehl Neelson stain bugs
Acid-fast -- Mycobacteria, Nocardia (stains mycolic acid in cell wall)
Cryptosporidium oocysts
53
India Ink (and alternative)
Cryptococcus neoformans, mucicarmine can also stain capsule
54
Silver stain
Coccioides, PCP, Legionella, H. Pylori
55
H Flu media
Chocolate -- Factor V (NAD) and X (hematin)
56
N. Gonorrhoeae and meningitidis media
Thayer Martin -- selectively inhibits gram + w/ Vanco and other gram - w/ TMP and Colistin and fungi w/ Nystatin
Very Typically Cultures Neisseria
57
B Pertussis media
Bordet-Gengou -- potato extract
| Regan-Lowe -- Charcoal, blood, antibiotic
58
C. diptheriae media
Tellurite agar, Loffler medium
59
M tuberculosis media
Lowenstein-Jensen
60
M pneumoniae media
Eaton agar (req cholesterol)
61
MacConkey changes when...
Lactose fermenters produce acid --> pink
62
E Coli media
Eosin-methylene blue -- turn green metallic
63
Legionella media
Charcoal yeast extract buffered with cysteine and iron
64
Fungi media
Sabouraud
65
Important aerobes
Nocardia, Pseudomonas, MycoBacterium tuberculosis
Nagging Pests Must Breath
66
Important anaerobes
Clostridium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces
anaerobes Can't Breath Fresh Air
67
Abx ineffective against anaerobes
Aminoglycocides because require O2 to enter cell
68
Facultative anaerobes
Strep, staph, enteric gram +
69
Obligate intracellulars
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella
stay inside when its Really CHilly and COld
70
Facultative intraceullars
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY
71
Encapsulated bacteria
Pseudomonas, Strep pneumo, H. flu type B, Neisseria meningtidis, E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, gb Strep
Please SHINE my SKiS
Capitalized in pneumococcal vacine (13-conjugate, 23-no conjugate), H flu (con. vaccine), Meningococcal vax (conjugate)
72
Urease pos
Proteus, Cryptococcus, H pylori, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, Staph epi, Staph sapro
Pee CHUNKSS
73
Catalase pos
Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E coli, Staphylococci, Serratia, B cepacia, H pylori
Cats Need PLACESS to Belch their Hairballs
74
Protein A fxn and bug
Fxn: Binds Fc of IgG to prevent opsonization/phagocytosis
| S. aureus
75
IgA protease fxn and bug
Cleaves IgA to allow colonization of mucous membranes
| Strep pneumo, H flu type B, Neisseira (SHiN)
76
M protein fxn and bug
Prevents phagocytosis by molecular mimicry --> acute rheumatic fever
GAS
77
Type 3 secretion bugs
Gram - --> Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, E coli
78
Specialized transduction
group A strep erythrogenic toxin, Botulinum toxin, Cholera toxin, Diptheria toxin, Shiga toxin
ABCD'S
79
How staph becomes vanc resistant
Transposition of VanA gene from VRE
80
Core of spores have
Dipicolinic acid
81
Spore forming bacteria
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), bacillus cereus (food poisoning), clostridium botulinum (botulism), clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous colitis), clostridium perfrengens (gas gangrene), clostridium tetani (tetanus)
BC
82
Exotoxins that inactivate EF 2
Diptheria toxin (c diptheriae) --> pharygitis w/ pseudomembranes and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)
and exotoxin A (pseudomonas) --> host cell death
83
Exotoxins that inactivate 60s
Shiga toxin (shigella) --> GI mucosal damage --> dysentery (also cytokine release --> HUS)
and shiga-like toxin (EHEC O157H7) --> cytokine release --> HUS) -- doesn't invade host cells
84
Exotoxins that cause increased cAMP
Heat labile toxin (ETEC) -- overactivates AC --> increased cAMP --> increased Cl secretion and H2O efflux -->watery diarhhea
(Labile in the Air)
Edema toxin (b anthracis) -- mimics AC to increase cAMP --> edema around eschar in cutaneous anthrax
Cholera toxin (vibrio cholera) -- overactivates AC by permanently activating Gs --> increased Cl secretion/H2O efflux --> rice water diarrhea
Pertussis toxin (b pertussis) --> overactivates AC by permanently inactivating Gi --> impairs phagocytosis --> whooping cough
85
Exotoxins that cause increased cGMP
Heat stable toxin (ETEC) -- overactivates GC --> incrased cGMP --> less NaCl/H2O reabsorption --> watery diarrhea
(Stable on the Ground)
86
Exotoxins that cleave SNARE
Tetanospasmi (c tetani) --> prevents release of inhibitory GABA in Renshaw cells --> spastic paralysis, risus sardonicus, and lockjaw
Botulinum toxin (c botulinum) --> prevents release of stimulatory ACh at NMJ --> flaccid paralysis/floppy baby
87
Exotoxins that degrade cell membranes
Alpha toxin (c perfringens) -- phospholipase degrades cell membranes --> myonecrosis and hemolysis
```
Streptolysin O (s. pyogenes) -- degrades cell membranes --> RBC lysis
(Basis for ASO abs)
```
88
Exotoxins that are superantigens
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (s. aureus) -- binds to MHC II and TCR to cause release of IL1, IL2 IFN gamma, TNF alpha --> fever, rash, shock
Exotoxin A (s pyogenes) -- same but also scarlet fever
89
Main effects of endotoxin
1. Macrophage activation (TLR4) --> fever (IL1, IL6, TNF alpha), hypotension (TNF alpha, NO)
2. Complement activation --> histamine release --> hypotension/edema (C3a, C5a), neutrophil chemotaxis (C5a)
3. Tissue factor activation --> coagulation cascade --> DIC
90
Differentiate staph
1. Cat positive (df from strep)
2. Coag (pos -- aureus) negV
3. Novobiocin (sens -- epi, resistant -- sapro)
91
Differentiate strep
1. Cat negative (df from staph)
2. alpha hemolytic
optochin sens -- pneumo, opto res -- viridans
beta hemolytic
bacitracin sens -- GAS, bacitracin res -- GBS
gamma hemolytic
grows in 6.5% NaCl -- Group D enterococcus
won't grow in 6.5% NaCl -- Strep bovis
92
Lactose fermenting bacteria
Turn MacConkeey's pink
FAST: E coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter
SLOW: Serratia, citrobacter
93
EMB agar
Lactose fermenters turn purple/black except E coli which is green
94
False positive VRDLs
Viral infxns (EBV/hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and leprosy
VRDL
95
Palm and soles rash
Coxsackie A (HFM)
RMSF
2o Syphillis
CARS
96
Tx of t cruzi
Benznidazole or nifurtimox
97
Tx of leismaniaiasis
Visceral: amphotericin
| Cut.: Sodium stibogluconate
98
Tx of malaira
Chloroquine but lots of resistance (blocks plasmodium heme polymerase)
Primaquine
Mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil for prevention/tx of resistant strains
IV Artesunate or quinidine for falciprum cerebral malaria
99
Tx of african sleeping sickness
Suramin for blood born (SERUM)
| Melarsoprol for CNS penetration
100
Tx of toxo
Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
101
Inegested nematodes
Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella (Don't EATT them)
102
Cutaneous nematodes
Strogyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator (Walking in the SANd)
103
Nematodes by bite
Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wucharia bancrofti
| Lay LOW and don't get bit
104
Weird nematode txs
Those that are in addition to bendazoles:
Enterobius vermicularis -- pyrantel palmoate
Ancylostoma and necator -- pyrantel palmoate
Strongyloides -- ivermectin
Instead of bendazoles:
Onchocerca volvulus -- ivermectin
Wucheria bancrofti -- diethycarbamazine
Loa loa -- diethylcarbamazine
105
Weird taenia soleum tx
Neurocysticercosis -- albendazole
106
Billiary tract disease, cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis
107
Brain cysts, seizures
Taenia solium (neurocystocercosis)
108
Hematuria, squamous cell bladder cancer
Schistosoma haematobium
109
Liver (hyatid) cysts
Echinococcus granulosis
110
Microcytic anemia
Ancylostoma, necator
111
Myalgias, periorbital edema
Trichinella spiralis
112
Perianal pruritis
Enterobius vermicularis
113
Portal hypertension
Schistosoma mansoni, japonicum
114
Vit B12 def
Diphyllobothrium latum
115
Live attenuated vaccines
MMR, Yellowfever, Rotavirus, Influenza (intranasal), Chickenpox (VZV), Small pox, Sabin polio virus
Music and LYRICCS are best enjoyed LIVE
116
Killed vax
Rabies, Influenza (shot), Salk Polio vax, HAV (humoral immunity only -- stable)
SalK=Killed
RIP Always
117
Subunit vax
HBV (HbsAg), HPV (6,11,16,18)
118
Only ssDNA virus
Parvo "part-of-a-virus"
119
Only circular DNA viruses
Papilloma, Polyoma, Hepadnavirus
120
+ RNA genome viruses
```
Retro
Toga
Flavi
Corona
Hepe
Cali
Picorna
```
"I went to a RETRO TOGA party where I drank FLAVORED CORONA and ate HIPPIE CALIFORNIA PICKLES"
121
Only dsRNA virus
Reo "Repeato"
122
Naked genome infectious
most dsDNA (not pox or HBV) and + ssRNA
123
Only DNA virus that replicates elsewhere
Pox in the cytoplasm
124
Only RNA virus that replicates elsewhere
Influenza and retroviruses
125
DNA viruses
Hepadna, Herpes, Adeno, Pox, Parvo, Papilloma, Polyoma
| HHAPPPPy
126
Only non-icosahedral DNA virus
Pox (complex)
127
CMV receptor
Integrins (heparin sulfate)
128
EBV receptor
CD21
129
HIV receptors
CD4, CCR5, CXCR4
130
ParvoB19 receptors
P antigen on RBCs
131
Rabies receptors
Nicotinic AChR
132
Rhinovirus receptors
ICAM-1
133
Inclusions in HSV/VZV
Intranuclear eosinophilic Cowdry A bodies
134
Negative stranded viruses
Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, Paramyxovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Filovirus, Rhabdovirus
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication
135
Segmented viruses
Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Arenavirus, Reovirus
BOAR
136
Picornaviruses
Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rhinovirus, Coxsackievirus, HAV
PERCH
137
Picornavirus that cannot cause asepctic meningitis
HAV, rhinovirus
138
Genetic shift
Reassortment of viral genome segments w/ different strains (pandemics)
139
Genetic drift
Minor changes based on random mutation in HA or NA genes (epidemics)
140
CD4 <500 bugs
Candida thrust
EBV oral hairy leukoplakia
Bartonella henslae bacillary angiomatosis (neutrophilic inflam)
HHV8 Kaposi sarcoma (lymphocytic inflam)
HPV SCC, often of anus in MSM or cervix of women
141
CD4<200 bugs
DIsseminated histo
HIV dementia
JC virus reactivation --> PML
PCP pneumonia
142
CD4<100 bugs
```
Aspergillus systemic
Candida esophagitis
CMV retinitis, esophagitis, colitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis
Cryptococcus meningitis
Cryptosporidium diarrhea
MAC -- TB like
Toxo -- brain abcesses
```
