Pathology Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
LAD 2
A
Low Sialyl Lewis – margination/rolling defece
2
Q
E selectin involved in
A
Margination/rolling – vascular
3
Q
E selectin upregulated by
A
TNF and IL1
4
Q
P selectin involved in
A
Margination/rolling – vascular
5
Q
P selectin released from
A
Weibel Palade bodies
6
Q
GlyCAM-1 involved in
A
Margination/rolling – vascular
7
Q
CD34 involved in
A
Margination/rolling – vascular
8
Q
Binds selectins on vascular surface
A
Sialyl-Lewis
9
Q
Binds GlyCAM1/CD34
A
L selectin on WBCs
10
Q
ICAM 1 (CD54)
A
Tight binding – vasculature
11
Q
VCAM-1 (CD106)
A
Tight binding – vasculature
12
Q
CD11/18 integrins
A
Tight binding – leuk (binds ICAM)
13
Q
VLA4 integrin
A
Tight binding – leuk (Binds VCAM)
14
Q
LAD 1
A
Defective tight adhesion – CD18 low
15
Q
PECAM-1 (CD31)
A
On both leuks and vasculature – diapedisis
16
Q
PDGF
A
Secreted by activated plts/macs
Induces vascular remodeling, smooth muscle cell migration, stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synth
17
Q
FGF
A
Stims angiogenesis
18
Q
EGF
A
Stimulates cell growth via TKs (EGFR/ErbB1)
19
Q
TGFB
A
Angiogenesis, fibrosis
20
Q
Metalloproteinases
A
Tissue remodeling
21
Q
VEGF
A
Stimulates angiogenesis
22
Q
Proliferative phase healing – what deficiencies will prolong?
A
Vitamin C, copper
23
Q
Remodeling phase healing – what deficiencies will prolong?
A
ZInc
24
Q
Granuloma formation
A
Th1 release IFN gamma –> activates macs who release TNF –> maintains granuloma
25
Acanthosis nigricans as pnp syndrome
Gastric adenocarcinoma (more often obesity/insulin resistance)
26
Sign of leser-trelat
Multiple suddent seborrheic keratoses associated w/ gastric adenocarinoma
27
Hypercalcemia due to PTHrP
Squamous cell carcinoma of lung, head, neck; renal, bladder, breast, ovarian carcinomas
28
Hypercalcemia due to high 1,25 Vit D
Lymphoma
29
Cushing syndrome as pnp syndrome
Small cell lung cancer
30
SIADH as pnp syndrome
Small cell lung cancer
31
Polycythemia as pnp syndrome
High EPO from renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, leiomyoma
32
Pure red cell aplasia
Anemia with low retics -- thymoma
33
Good syndrome
Hypogammaglobulinemia -- thymoma
34
Trosseau syndrome
Migratory superficial thrombophelbitis -- adenocarcinoma, esp. pancreatic
35
Nonbacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis
Deposition of sterile plt thrombi on hrt valves as in adenocarcinoma, esp. pancreatic
36
Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis
Psychiatric disturbance, memory deficits, seizures, dyskinesias, autonomic instability, seen in ovarian teratoma
37
Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome
Dancing eyes/feet as in neuroblastoma in children and small cell lung CA in adults
38
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
Abs to Purkinje cells as in Small cell lung cancer (Hu), gynecologic/breast cancers (Yo), Hodgrikin lymphoma (Tr)
39
Anti-Hu
Small cell lung cancer -- paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
40
Anti-Yo
Gynecologic/breast cancers -- paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
41
Anti-Tr
Hodgkin lymphoma -- paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
42
Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis
Anti-Hu in small cell lung cancer against neurons
43
Lambert-Eaton mysasthenic syndrome
Abs against presynaptic Ca channels at NMJ -- in small cell lung cancer
44
Myasthenia gravis
Abs against postsynaptic ACh receptors at NMJ -- thymoma
45
ALK
Oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase -- lung adenocarcinoma
46
BCR-ABL
Oncogene tyrosine kinase -- CML, ALL
47
BCL2
Oncogene antiapoptotic molecule -- follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphomas
48
BRAF
Oncogene serine/threonine kinase -- melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma
49
c-KIT
Oncogene cytokine receptor -- Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
50
c-MYC
Oncogene transcription factor -- Burkitt lymphoma
51
HER2/neu (c-erbB2)
Oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase -- breast and gastric carcinomas
52
JAK2
Oncogene TK -- Chronic myeloprolif disorders
53
KRAS
Oncogene GTPase -- colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer
54
MYCL1
Oncogene transcription factor -- lung tumor
55
MYCN
Oncogene transcription factor -- neuroblastoma
56
RET
Oncogene rTK -- MEN2A, MEN2B, medullary thyroid cancer
57
APC
Tumor suppressor that negatively regulates b-catenin/WNT --- colorectal CA (assc w/ FAP)
58
BRCA1/BRCA2
Tumor suppressor DNA repair protein -- breast, ovarian, pancreatic cancer
59
CDKN2A
Tumor suppressor p16 that blocks G1-->S -- Melanoma, pancreatic cancer
60
DCC
Tumor suppressor (deleted in colon cancer) -- colon cancer
61
DPC4/SMAD4
Tumor suppressor (deleted in pancreatic cancer) -- pancreatic cancer
62
MEN1
Tumor suppressor menin -- MEN1
63
NF1
Tumor suppressor neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein) -- NF1
64
NF2
Tumor suppressor merlin (schwannomin) -- NF2
65
PTEN
Tumor suppressor tyrosine phophatase of PIP3 (protein kinase B activation) -- breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer
66
Rb
Tumor suppressor inhibits E2F to block G1-->S -- retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
67
TP53
Tumor suppressor for p53 which activates p21 to block G1-->S -- most human cancers, assc w/ Li-Fraumeni syndrome (multiple malignancies at early age -- SBLA: sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland)
68
TSC1
Tumor suppressor hamartin protein -- tuberous sclerosis
69
TSC2
Tumor suppressor tuberin protein -- tuberous sclerosis
70
VHL
Tumor suppressor that inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a -- assc w/ VHL
71
WT1
Tumor suppressor transcription factor that regulates urogenital development -- Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
72
EBV cancer
Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 1o CNS lymphoma in immunocompromised
73
HBV/HCV cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
74
HHV-8 cancer
Kaposi sarcoma
75
HPV cancer
Cervical, penile/anal carcinoma, head and neck
76
H pylori cancer
Gastric adenocarinoma and MALT lymphoma
77
HTLV1 cancer
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
78
Liver fluke (clonorchis sinesis) cancer
Cholangiosarcoma
79
Shicstosoma haematobium cancer
Bladder CA (squamous cell)
80
Aflatoxins (aspergillus) CA
Hepatocellular carcinoma
81
Alkylating agents CA
Leukemia/lymphoma
82
Aromatic amides (e.g. benzidines, 2 napthylamine) CA
Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)
83
Arsenic CA
Liver angiosarcoma, lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma
84
Asbestos CA
Bronchogenic carcinoma>Mesothelioma
85
Carbon tetrachloride CA
Liver centrilobular necrosis/fatty change
86
Cigarette CA
Bladder transitional cell carcinoma,
Cervical carcinoma
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Lung squamous cell and small cell carcinoma
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
87
Ethanol CA
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
| Hepatocellular carcinoma
88
Ionizing radiation CA
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
89
Nitrosamines CA
Gastric CA
90
Radon CA
Lung cancer
91
Vinyl chloride CA
Liver angiosarcoma
92
Psamomma body CAs
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma
93
ALP CA
Metastases to bone or liver, Paget disease of bone, seminoma (placental) -- exclude hepatic origin by checking LFTs and GGT
94
AFP CA
Hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac (endodermal sinus), mixed germ cell -- normally made by fetus and transiently high in pregnancy (high -- NTD, abdominal wall defect, low -- tri21)
95
B-hCG CA
Hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas (gestational trophoblastic disease), testicular CA, mixed germ cell -- made by syncytiotrophoblasts of placenta
96
CA153/CA 27-29 CA
Breast cancer
97
CA 19-9 CA
Panceratic adenocarcinoma
98
CA125 CA
OVarian cancer
99
Calcitonin CA
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
100
CEA CA
MAJOR -- colorectal and pancreatic
| Minor -- gastric, breast, medullary thyroid carcinomas
101
Chromogranin CA
Neuroendocrine tumors (e.g. pheochromocytoma, lung carcinoid tumor)
102
PSA
Prostate cancer (but can also be elevated in BPH and prostatitis)
103
P-glycoprotein
MDR1 -- adrenocortical carcinoma (and others like colon, liver) -- pumps out chemo agents)
104
Cytokines mediating cachexia
TNF, IFN gamma, IL1, IL6
105
Sarcoma spread
Hematogenous
106
Carcinoma spread
Lymphatic
107
Carcinomas that spread hematogenous
Follicular thyroid carcinoma, Choriocarcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma
Four Carcinomas Route Hematogenously
108
Brain met origins
1. lung 2. breast 3. melanoma/kidney
| Often multiple well circumscribed at grey/white jxn
109
Liver met origins
1. colon 2. stomach 3. pancreas
110
Bone met origins
1. prostate (blastic)/breast(mixed), 2(all lytic). lung, thyroid, kidney
Usually axial skeleton
