Micro Anatomy Flashcards

(74 cards)

1
Q

serous cell

A

secretes proteins

perinuclear golgi, secretory vesicles in apical portion, exocytosis, secretory products stain with H&E

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2
Q

mucous cell

A

secretes mucus

perinuclear golgi, secretory vesicles in apical portion, exocytosis, secretory products don’t stain with H&E but do stain with PAS

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3
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

located between basal lamina and secretory or duct cells. triangular or elongated nucleus. possess long actomyosin rich processes. contraction helps to expel secretory product, present in sweat, salivary, and mammary glands

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4
Q

goblet cells

A

mucin-secreting unicellular glands

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5
Q

simple glands in the skin

A

sebaceous and sweat glands

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6
Q

sebaceous glands

A

simple acinar glands. holocrine secretion: cells proliferate, differentiate, accumulate lipid droplets, and rupture.

origin of acne!

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7
Q

holocrine secretion

A

cell lysis in order to secrete product

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8
Q

apocrine secretion

A

apical portion pinches off to secrete product

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9
Q

merocrine secretion

A

just goes out a tunnel

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10
Q

sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular glands. merocrine glands.

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11
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

located in demis, thermoregulatory and excretory. altered sweat comp can be a disease indicator. secretion controlled by cholinergic fibers of SNS

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12
Q

sweat composition

A

water, ammonia, sodium, chloride, urea, uric acid, organic compounds, bactericidal peptides, proteolytic enzymes

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13
Q

pale cells

A

secrete fluid in eccrine sweat glands

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14
Q

dark cells

A

secrete proteins in eccrine sweat glands

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15
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

located in axillary, areolar, and perineal regions. simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium. simple coiled glands. merocrine secretion, large lumen, associated with hair shafts, stimulated by adrenergic nerve fibers

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16
Q

compound glands

A

salivary glands and pancreas. connective tissue capsule, septa divide parenchyma into lobules, CT stroma contains capillary plexus, nerves, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Parenchyma contains secretory acini or tubules, intercalated ducts, and intralobar ducts.

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17
Q

salivary glands

A

moisture and lube in oral cavity, initiation of digestion of carbs with alpha-amylase. immune defense through lysozyme, lactoferrin, and sIgA. secretes calcium, phosphate to make acquired pellet

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18
Q

salivary glands clinical correlation

A

reduced function of salivary glands due to radiotherapy or disease. salivary gland tumors. usually benign (pleiomorphic adenoma- accumulation of cartilate-like material produced by myoepithelial cells)

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19
Q

transcytosis

A

mechanism of sIgA secretion. endocytosis, proteolytic processing, then exocytosis to pass through acinar cells

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20
Q

submandibular gland

A

compound tubuloacinar gland. mostly serous acini; some mixed and mucous. mixed acini with serous demilunes. shorter intercalated ducts. mostly striated intralobular ducts

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21
Q

serous demilunes

A

fixation artifacts. the bulging out of serous cells

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22
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

compound acinar gland. serous acini, lack of myoepithelial cells, intercalated ducts, intralobar ducts, and interlobar ducts

secretes digestive proenzymes (lipases, nucleases, amylases)

inactive proenzymes are activated in duodenum. bicarb is also secreted

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23
Q

regulation of exocrine pancreas

A

acidic chyme stims enteroendocrine cells in duodenum. enteroendocrine cells release cholecystokinin and secretin. cholecys stims proenzyme secretion, secretin syims HCO3 secretion

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24
Q

digestive system function

A

derive molecules from food, break down macromolecules into small absorbable molecules, absorb water, vitamins, minerals, form a protective barrier between GI tract contents and inside of body

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25
four layers of GI tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia
26
mucosa
lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae. functions are protection, secretion, absorption
27
submucosa
dense irregular connective tissue with vessels. glands are in this layer in the esophagus and duodenum. submucosal plexus (meissners)
28
muscularis externa
inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle. myenteric plexus (auerbachs)
29
filiform papilla
come to a point, no taste buds
30
fungiform papilla
rounded, a few taste buds on these
31
circumvallate papilla
many taste buds. flat top and large
32
folate papillae
narrow and rounded, many taste buds
33
esophagus
10 inch muscular tube. stratified squamous epithelium with cardiac glands at either end. submucosa has esophageal glands proper. muscularis externa (upper third is Skeletal, middle third is mix smooth/skeletal, lower third all smooth)
34
sphincters of esophagus
upper sphincter is skeletal muscle, voluntary/reflexive control, lower is physiological sphincter of thickened smooth muscle
35
stomach regions
cardia (top), fundus/body, and pylorus (bottom)
36
cardiac glands
short pits. short coiled glands. most produce mucus, some do lysozymes and HCl
37
gastric/fundic glands
medium pits, long straight glands. mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells
38
mucous neck cell
secretes acidic fluid containing mucin (soluble/mobile) occurs in small groups or singly between parietal cells in neck of gastric glands
39
parietal cells
secrete intrinsic factor and HCl. found in middle and upper part of gastric gland. ACh, gastrin, histamine stimulate acid secretion. zantac and tagamet are histamine H2 receptor antagonists that suppress HCl and intrinsic factor secretion
40
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase. found in basal half of gastric glands
41
enteroendocrine cell
secrete gastrin, somatostatin, and ghrelin into blood. endocrine and paracrine signalling
42
pyloric glands
long pits, short slightly coiled glands. mostly mucous cells, some parietal. enteroendocrine cells
43
surface mucous cells
form a secreting sheet on surface and in gastric pits. secrete an alkaline, viscous mucus that protects stomach surface
44
major functions of small intestine
move chyme, absorb nutrients, immunodefense
45
absorptive cells
have villi or microvilli to increase surface area
46
goblet cells
unicellular glands. produce mucin, few in duodenum, many in ileum.
47
enteroendocrine cells
closed or open. make all sorts of hormones, depending on where you are in the GY tract
48
paneth cells
exocrine cells found in small groups at base of crypts of lieberkuhn. apical granules contain lysozyme, phospholipase A2, and hydrophobic peptides called defensins with antibac activity. chrohn's disease may be a specific disorder of paneth cells. located at very bottom of crypt
49
stem cells
located slightly above paneth cells in crypt.
50
microfold cells (M Cells)
located in ileum only. specialized epithelial cells that cover peyer's patches. basement membrane beneath M cells is discontinuous.
51
GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)
25% of the mucosa in the gut is GALT. peyer's patches are groups of 20-40 lympatic nodules found exclusively in ileum. IgA is made by plasma cells. SC made by absorptive cells binds IgA dimers to make IgA
52
differences between duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
D has brunner's glands in submucosa and squat villi. Jejunum has most developed plicae circularis, more goblet cells, and more slender villi. Ileum has longest villi, most goblet cells, and peyer's patches
53
plicae circulares
circular folds that are permanent transverse folds of the mucosa and submucosa
54
major functions of large intestine
absorption of water, salts, minerals, vitamins. mucus secretion. storage and elimination of fecal matter
55
colon/cecum
plicae semilunares are temporary folds of mucosa and submucosa. no villi, only crypts of lieberkuhn in mucosa. outer longitudinal smooth muscle thickened into three bands (taenia coli)
56
appendix
lymph nodules, no taenia coli.
57
rectum
upper rectum and anal canal
58
upper rectum
resembles colon except there is no taenia coli
59
anal canal
has epithelial changes and internal / external anal sphincters
60
liver
2nd largest organ, enclosed in glisson's capsule, divided into four lobes
61
liver physiology
synth of plasma proteins, storage of several vitamins and iron, degrade drugs and toxins, bile production
62
blood supply to liver
75% from hepatic portal vein (no oxygen, high nutrient/hormone) 25% from hepatic artery (oxygenated)
63
space of mall
contains the components of the triad
64
portal triad
portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
65
classic liver lobule
hexagonal cylinder. terminal hepatic venule (central vein) at the center
66
portal lobule
portal canal at center. emphasizes the exocrine function of bile secretion. triangular in shape
67
liver acinus
lozenge/football shape. provides insights into blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology. 3 zones of blood flow
68
hepatic sinusoids
discontinuous sinusoidal capillaries with large fenestrae and gaps between the endothelial cells. Kupffer cells form part of wall and occupy lumen
69
perosinusoidal space (space of disse)
site of exchange between blood and liver cells. Ito cells store vitamin A and reside in this space. hepatocytes have numerous microvilli projecting into this space
70
hepatocytes
polygonal. large, spherical central nuclei with prominent nucleoli. binucleate and polyploid nuclei. mostly tetraploid in adult liver. long 5 month life span
71
biliary tree
bile flows outward from the center of the classic liver lobule
72
bile composition
water, phospholipids and cholesterol, bile salts, bile pigments, electrolytes
73
gall bladder
hollow organ that holds 50 mL. stores and concentrates bile 10 fold. has a single duct (cystic duct)
74
mucosa of gall bladder
mucosa with lamina propria, muscularis, and serosa OR adventitia. no muscularis mucosae or submucosa