Micro Basics Flashcards
(399 cards)
1
Q
What is microbiology?
A
Study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye.
2
Q
In the golden age of micro, scientists searched for answers for what?
A
Fermentation, disease, and prevention of disease/infection.
3
Q
Whats defined as generally any abnormal condition in the body?
A
Disease
4
Q
Prior to 1800’s disease was attributed to what various factors?
A
Evil spirits, astrological signs, imbalances in body fluids… etc.
5
Q
Whats included in the triad or triangle of health?
A
Host, Agent and Environment
6
Q
Robert Koch studied what?
A
Causation of disease
7
Q
Koch was in a race with Pasteur to discover the cause of?
A
Anthrax
8
Q
When Bacillus anthraces was discovered it was the first time that a bacterium was prove to cause a
A
Disease
9
Q
Koch also discovered the cause of?
A
Tuberculosis
10
Q
Koch discovered the method of?
A
Isolation (agar)
11
Q
Semmelweis discovered what?
A
Handwashing
12
Q
Lister discovered what?
A
Antiseptic Technique
13
Q
Snow discovered what?
A
Infection control/Field of Epidemiology
14
Q
Jenner discovered what?
A
Smallpox vaccine/Field of Immunology
15
Q
John snow determines that cause of the?
A
Cholera transmission
16
Q
Pasteur discovered vaccines against what?
A
Fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies
17
Q
Variant creutzfeldt jakob disease is an?
A
Emerging Disease
18
Q
vCJD affects the brain by slowly eroding nervous tissue and leaving the brain full of?
A
Sponge-like holes
19
Q
vCJD has no?
A
Treatment
20
Q
What are the processes of life?
A
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Responsiveness
- Metabolism
21
Q
Prokaryotes lack a?
A
Nucleus
22
Q
Prokaryotes lack internal membrane bound?
A
Organelles
23
Q
Prokaryotes have what type of DNA?
A
Circular
24
Q
Prokaryotes are smaller in diameter than?
A
Eukaryotes
25
Prokaryotes have what type of structure?
Simple
26
Prokaryotes are composed of what?
Bacteria and Archaea
27
Eukaryotes have a?
Nucleus
28
Eukaryotes have internal membrane bound
Organelles
29
What type of DNA do eukaryotes have?
Linear DNA
30
Eukaryotes are larger in diameter than?
Prokaryotes
31
Eukaryotes have what type of structure?
More Complex
32
Eukaryotes are composed of what?
Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants
33
What microbe has had more impact on our society than any other microbe?
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
34
What is credited for the IDEA of germ theory?
Louis Pasteur
35
What's the singular most important characteristic that differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Nucleus*
36
What are the external structures of bacterial cells?
Glycocalyces, Flagella, Fimbrae & Pili
37
What are the 2 types of glycocalyces?
Capsule and Slime Layer
38
What glycocalaces are firmly attached to cell surface?
Capsule
39
What glycocalaces are loosely attached to cell surface?
Slime Layer
40
What prevents bacteria from being recognized by host?
Capsule
41
What sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces?
Slime Layer
42
What are responsible for movement?
Flagella
43
Flagella have long structures that extend?
Beyond cell surface
44
Flagella is composed of what 3 parts?
1. Filament
2. Hook
3. Basal Body
45
Flagella are NOT present on all?
Bacteria
46
Whats the function of flagella?
Propel bacteria through environment
47
Rotation of flagella is reversible and can be?
Clockwise or Counterclockwise
48
What is the term used to describe bacteria moving in response to stimuli?
Taxis
49
Fimbrae and Pili are what type of extensions?
Rod-like Protienaceous
50
Fimbriae has what type of projections?
Sticky, bristlelike
51
Fimbriae are used by bacteria to?
Adhere to one another, hosts, and substances in environment.
52
Fimbrae are shorter than?
Flagella
53
Fimbrae serve an important function in?
Biofilms
54
Pili are tubules composed of?
Pilin
55
Pili are also known as ?
Conjugation Pili
56
Pili are longer than fimbrae but shorter than?
Flagella
57
Bacteria typically only have?
1-2 fimbrae per cell
58
Pili mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another. This is known as?
Conjugation
59
Bacterial cell walls provide structure and shape and protect cell from?
Osmotic Forces
60
Bacterial Cell walls assist some cells in attaching to other cells or in?
Resisting antimicrobial drugs
61
Bacterial cell walls give bacterial cells?
Characteristic shapes
62
Bacterial cells walls are composed of?
Peptidoglycan
63
What are the 2 types of bacterial cell walls?
Gram + and Gram -
64
Gram + cell walls have a relatively?
Thick layer of peptidoglycan
65
Gram + contain unique polyalcohols called?
Teichoic Acids
66
Gram + are what color following a gram staining procedure?
Purple
67
Gram - have only a?
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
68
With Gram -, there is a bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan which contains
Phospholipids, protiens and Lipopolysaccharide
69
What color is gram - following a gram staining procedure?
Magenta
70
What are the passive processes?
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
71
What are the active processes?
Active Transport
| Group Translocation
72
With group translocation the substance is chemically modified during?
Transport
73
Dehydration of the cell is known as:
Crenation
74
A typical bacterial cell (with a cell wall) which has a solute concentration of 0.85% NaCl is placed into a tube containing a solution that has a 0.2% NaCl concentration. What type of solution is this?
Hypotonic
75
Bacterial cells in hypotonic solution will swell up until it can't anymore. What will happen to the cell wall?
It will NOT burst because the cell wall prevents it.
76
What type of solution has an equal concentration of solutes on the outside as the inside?
Isotonic
77
What type of solution has a high concentration of solutes outside the cell?
Hypertonic
78
In a hypertonic solution the cell will?
Shrink (crenate)
79
What type of solution has a low concentration of solutes outside the cell?
Hypotonic
80
In a hypotonic solution, the cell (no cell wall) will?
Burst
81
The cytoplasm of bacteria includes?
Inclusions and Endospores
82
Inclusions may include reserve deposits of?
Chemicals
83
Inclusions are stored when nutrients are in abundance and used when?
Nutrients are scarce
84
What has unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?
Endospores
85
Endospores are only produced by organisms in Genus?
Bacillus and Clostridium
86
What is the site of synthesis in prokaryotes?
Ribosomes
87
Prokaryotic ribosomes are?
70S
88
Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of 2 subunits which are?
30S and 50S
89
What lacks cell walls?
Animals and most protozoans
90
Fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa DO HAVE?
Cell walls
91
Endocytosis is specific to?
Eukaryotes
92
Whats the physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane around cytoskeleton and forms pseudopodia?
Endocytosis
93
When a solid is imported into the cell, it's known as?
Phagocytosis
94
When a liquid is imported into the cell, it's known as?
Pinocytosis
95
When substances are exported from the cell, it's known as?
Exocytosis
96
Ribosomes in eukaryotes have what structure?
80S
97
Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of what 2 subunits?
60S and 40S
98
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have what type of ribosomes?
70S
99
Microscope with a dark field has a?
Dark Background
100
Microscope with a light field has a?
Light Background
101
What's the system that classifies organisms based on characteristics in common?
Linnaeus
102
Linnaeus used what?
Binomial Nomenclature
103
How do you list genus and species?
Genus is capitalized and species is not capitalized. They should both be italicized.
104
Linnaeus proposed what 2 kingdoms?
Animals and Plants
105
Who proposed taxonomic approach based on 5 kingdoms?
Whittaker
106
What were the 5 kingdoms Whittaker proposed?
```
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Prokaryotae
```
107
Who compared nucleotide sequences of rRNA subunits?
Carl Woese
108
Carol Woese proposed what 3 domains as determined by rRNA sequeces?
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
109
Cells in eukarya, bacteria and archaea also differ with respect to many other?
Characteristics
110
Carl Woese's toxonomy is the?
Current way of organization
111
Bacteria and Archaea are both?
Prokaryotes
112
Eukarya have 5 subclasses which include?
```
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protozoans
Algae
```
113
Helminths are classified as?
Animals (Eukaryotes)
114
The shortest distance between 2 points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities is known as?
Resolution
115
The difference in intensity between 2 objects or between an object and background is?
Contrast
116
Contrast is important in determining?
Resolution
117
What increases contrast and resolution by coloring specimens with stains/dyes?
Staining
118
Smear of microorganisms (thin film) made prior to staining must be?
Fixed with heat
119
Crystal Violet stain is?
Purple
120
Safranin stain is?
Magenta
121
Methylene blue stain is?
Blue
122
Malachite green stain is?
Green
123
Carbol fuchsin stain is?
Red
124
What stain has a crystal violet primary stain>
Gram Stain
125
What's used to decolorize?
Alcohol
126
What counterstain is used in a gram stain?
Safranin
127
A purple gram stain is?
Gram +
128
A magenta gram stain is
Gram -
129
What group of bacteria don't have the typical peptidoglycan cell wall?
Mycobacteria
130
Mycobacteria have cell walls with a high waxy mycolic acid content making them resistant to?
Decolorization by acids during staining
131
Mycobacteria is referred to as?
Acid-Fast Bacteria
132
Whats the primary stain in acid-fast?
Carbol Fuchsin
133
What's the counterstain in acid-fast?
Methylene Blue
134
The red acid fast cells are?
Mycobacteria
135
The blue non-acid fast cells are?
Human tissue and cells
136
What's the primary stain for and endospore stain?
Malachite green
137
What's the counterstain for an endospore stain?
Safranin
138
If the cells are green they are?
Endospores
139
If the cells are magenta they are?
Vegetative cells
140
A series of paired statements where only one or two "either/or" choices applies to any particular organism is know as a?
Dichotomous Key
141
Dichotomous Key directs the user to another pair of statements or provides?
Name of organism
142
What disease is caused due to S. pyogenes?
Necrotizing Fasciitis
143
When speaking of reproductive activities of microbes, use what term to refer to an increase in the size of a population of microbes?
Growth
144
An aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell is?
Colony
145
A collection of microbes in a complex community is?
Biofilm
146
What is the MC biofilm?
Plaque
147
What uses carbon dioxide (self) and light?
Photoautotrophs
148
What uses carbon dioxide (self) and chemical compounds?
Chemoautotrophs
149
What uses organic compounds (outside self) and light
Photoheterotrophs
150
What uses organic compounds (outside self) and chemical compounds?
Chemoheterotrophs
151
What are the photoautotrophs?
```
Plants
Some protozoa
Algae
Bacteria
Archaea
```
152
What are the chemoautotrophs?
Bacteria and Archaea
153
What are the photoheterotrophs?
Bacteria and Archaea
154
What are the chemoheterotrophs?
Animals, fungi, and other protozoa
155
What are the growth requirements for microorganisms?
1. Oxygen
2. Temperature
3. pH
4. Moisture
5. Osmotic Pressure
6. Light
7. Food
156
Microorganisms vary widely in their?
Oxygen requirements for growth
157
As a rule, temperature is the what, affecting the growth of microorganisms?
Most important Factor
158
Bacteria can grow within a range of?
Temperatures
159
What organisms prefer cold temperatures?
Physhrophilic
160
What organisms prefer moderate temperatures?
Mesophilic
161
What organisms prefer high temperatures?
Hyper Thermophilic
162
The most pathogenic organisms are?
Mesophiles
163
Mesophiles are usually about?
Normal human body temp
164
Most microorganisms thrive in a pH range of?
6-9
165
Most animal pathogens work best near a pH of?
7
166
Vegetative cell maintenance and growth requires?
Water
167
Food and waste are transported through the cell wall in?
Water Solutions
168
What is a building material necessary in cell synthesis?
Water
169
Osmotic pressure is created by?
Osmosis
170
Cell in a hypertonic environment:
Water is drawn out of the cell
171
Cell in hypotonic environment:
Water is drawn into the cell
172
Green and purple pigmented bacteria use what as a source of part of all of their energy?
Light
173
In comparison, most pathogens are killed by?
Direct Sunlight
174
Both UV rays and warmth?
Harm bacteria
175
Organisms require what for building cell components and proteins and for the energy necessary for cell survival?
Food
176
Microbial activity is limited when food supplies become?
Exhausted
177
The amount and type of food available will have an impact on the organism's?
Survival and growth
178
Which growth requirement is most critical to the survivability of the organism?
Temperature
179
A sample is called an:
Inoculum
180
A collection of nutrients such as broth or solid is called a?
Medium
181
Microorganisms that grow from an inoculum is called a?
Culture
182
The act of cultivating microorganisms is known as?
Culture
183
Cultures that are visible on the surface of solid media is called?
Colonies
184
Some microbes are not particular and can be grown in a variety of media, while others require?
Specific Nutrients
185
What are 2 types of culture media?
Selective media
| Differential Media
186
The exact chemical composition of defined (synthetic) media is?
Known
187
Defined Media is usually composed of?
Pure Biochemicals off the shelf
188
The exact chemical composition of complex media is?
Unknown
189
Complex media usually contain complex materials of biological origin such as?
Blood or milk
| Yeast or Beef extract
190
What media can support a wider variety of microogranisms
Complex Media
191
What media contains substances that favor or inhibit the growth of particular organisms?
Selective Media
192
What media has a presence of visible changes in medium or differences in the appearance of colonies that help differentiate organisms?
Differential Media
193
What is the selective media for fungus?
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
194
What is the differential media for streptococcus?
Blood Agar
195
What media only allows gram -?
MacConkey Agar
196
MacConkey Agar is a combination of?
Selective and Differential Medias
197
Small molecules of extra chromosomal DNA that replicate independently are known as?
Plasmids
198
Plasmids are not essential for normal?
Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
199
Plasmids can confer?
Survival Advantages
200
What are the different types of plasmids?
Fertility factors (F plasmids)
Resistance factors (R plasmids)
Bacteriocin factors
Virulence Plasmids
201
F plasmids carry the instructions for?
Conjugation
202
R plasmids carry genes for?
REsistance to Antibiotics
203
Bacteriocin factors carry genes for?
Toxins called bacteriocins.
204
Bacteriocin can kill it's?
Competitors
205
Virulence plasmids carry instructions that?
Enable bacterium to become pathogenic
206
Organisms that replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants is called?
Vertical Gene Transfer
207
Vertical gene transfer is a normal process in both?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
208
What is it called when genes are acquired from other microbes of the same generation?
Horizontal Gene Transfer
209
With horizontal gene transfer, the donor cell contributes part of the genomes to?
Recipient cell (may be different species)
210
What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?
Transformation
Transduction
Bacterial Conjugation
211
When the recipient cell takes up DNA from environment it's called?
Transformation
212
The cells that take up DNA during transformation are called?
Competent
213
Transformation occurs in only a few types of?
Bacteria
214
The transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus is called?
Transduction
215
Tranducing phage carries what from donor to recipient?
Random DNA segment
216
With transduction only certain donor DNA sequences are?
Transferred
217
A virus that attacks bacteria is called a?
Bacteriophage
218
What is it called when the transfer of DNA from one cell to another is mediated by conjugation pili?
Conjugation
219
In conjugation, the donor cell requires?
F plasmid (F+)
220
In conjugation, the recipient cell LACKS?
F plasmid (F-)
221
Bacterial conjugation has no offspring and do not?
Replicate
222
What emerging disease infects a person by penetrating directly into a deep wound, cut or even a tiny scratch?
Vibrio vulnificus
223
What are the typical prokaryote morphologies?
```
Coccus (sphere)
Bacillus (rod)
Vibrio (comma)
Spirochete (spiral)
Pleomorphic (many shapes)
```
224
All prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Asexually
225
What are the 3 main methods of asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells?
Binary Fission
Snapping Division
Budding
226
What type of asexual reproduction is most common?
Binary Fission
227
Binary fission starts with 1 parent cell and ends with?
2 daughter cells
228
Snapping division is a variation of binary fission, except the cell doesn't completely?
Separate (stays connected by a hinge)
229
With budding, it starts with 1 parent cell and ends with?
1 parent and 1 daughter cell
230
2 cocci is called a?
Diplococci
231
A chain of cocci is called?
Streptococci
232
A 4 square arrangement of cocci is called?
Tetrads
233
A cubed shaped arrangement is called a?
Sarcinae
234
If the arrangement of cocci is in any direction/orientation/cluster it is called?
Staphylococci
235
2 bacillus is called?
Diplobacilli
236
A chain of bacilli is called?
Streoptobacilli
237
What reemerging disease is usually considered a childhood disease but can also strike adults?
Pertussis
238
What are the eukayotic microbes of clinical interest?
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasitic Helminths
239
Reproduction in eukaryotes is more complicated than?
Prokaryotes
240
Eukaryotes have a variety of reproduction methods which include?
```
Binary Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore Formation
Schizogony
```
241
Eukaryotes may also reproduce sexually by forming?
Gametes and Zygotes
242
Algae, fungi and some protozoa reproduce BOTH?
Sexually and Asexually
243
Protozoa typically LACK a?
Cell wall
244
Protozoa require moist environments and very few are?
Pathogens
245
Protozoa are characterized by great morphological diversity and most reproduce?
Asexually Only
246
All protozoa produce?
Trophozoites
247
Trophozoites are in the?
Motile Feeding Stage
248
Some protozoa produce?
Cysts
249
Cysts are in the?
Hardy Resting Stage
250
Some protozoa have?
Contractile vacuoles
251
Contractile vacuoles actively pump water from the cells, protecting them from?
Osmotic Lysis
252
Fungi produce?
Antibiotics
253
30% of fungi cause?
Diseases of plants
Animals
Humans (mycoses)
254
What can spoil fruit, pickles, jams, and jellies?
Fungi
255
In fungal morphology what is a thallus?
Non-reproductive body
256
The thalli of molds are composed of long branched tubular filaments called?
Hyphae
257
Fungi that produce 2 types of thalli are called?
Dimorphic
258
Generally, yeast form of dimorphics cause?
Disease
259
A tangled mass of hyphae is called?
Mycelium
260
All fungi have some means of?
Asexual Reproduction
261
Most fungi reproduce?
Sexually
262
Yeasts bud in a manner similar to?
Prokaryotic Budding
263
A series of buds that remain attached to one another and to the parent cell is called?
Pseudohypha
264
Pseudohypha are found in?
Candida albicans
265
What produced lightweight spores that disperse over large distances?
Filamentous Fungi
266
What is a rare, but increasingly frequent pathogen of the immunocompromised?
Aspergillosis
267
Aspergillosis is an emerging disease and is treated with?
Antifungal medication
268
What is a minuscule, acellular infectious agent having either DNA or RNA?
Viruses
269
Viruses cause many infections of?
Humans
Animals
Plants
Bacteria
270
What causes most of the diseases that plague the industrialized world?
Viruses
271
The extracellular state of a virus is called a?
Virion
272
What surrounds a nucleic acid core of a virus?
Protein Coat (Capsid)
273
The capsid and nucleic acid core together are referred to as?
Nucleocapsid
274
Some virions have a?
Phospholipid enevelope
275
A phospholipid envelope is the outer structure that encloses the?
Nucleocapsids of some viruses
276
Once the virus is inside the host, the?
Capsid is removed
277
Virus exist simply as?
Nucleic Acid
278
The process of getting rid of the capsid is called/
Uncoating
279
Most viruses infect only particular?
Host's cells
280
Viruses may be what, that they only infect particular kind of cell in a particular host?
Specific
281
Some viruses infect many kinds of cells in many different host. These viruses are called?
Generalists
282
What types of organisms are susceptible to some sort of viral attack?
All types of organisms
283
What are the viral shapes?
Complex
Helical
Polyhedral
284
What is the most common viral shape?
Polyhedral (icosahedron)
285
Complex viral shapes have capsids of?
Many Shapes
286
Rabies has a complex shape which is called a?
Bullet Shaped Capsid
287
Polyhedral viral shape is a?
Geodesic Dome
288
Helical viral shape is?
Spiral
289
The viral envelop is acquired form?
Host Cell during viral replication or release
290
Some viral envelopes have viral glycoproteins that project, called?
Spikes
291
What's the function of the viral envelope?
Provide Protection
Host Recognition
Help virus enter host cell
292
If a virus has an envelope, it's called a?
Enveloped Virion
293
If a virus has no envelope, it's called a?
Non enveloped/naked Virion
294
Viruses are classified by?
Type of nucleic acid
Presence of an envelope
Shape
Size
295
Viruses have recognized viral?
Family and genus names
296
Virions are dependent on hosts organelles and enzymes to produce new?
Virions
297
What replication cycle usually results in death and lysis of host cell?
Lytic Replication
298
What are the stages of lytic replication cycle?
```
Attachment
Entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
```
299
In the attachment stage, the virion attaches to?
Host Cell
300
In the entry stage, the virion or genome enter into?
Host cell
301
In the synthesis stage, what's synthesized by the hosts cells enzymes and ribosomes?
New Nucleic Acids
| Viral Proteins
302
In the assembly stage, the new virions within the host cell are?
Assembled
303
In the release stage, what is released?
New Virions from host cell
304
Lysis results in?
Death of the cell
305
What is a modified replication cycle where infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse?
Lysogeny
306
What are prophages?
Inactvie Phages
307
When phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium it is called?
Lysogenic Conversion
308
Lysogenic conversion can turn bacterium from harmless into a?
Pathogen
309
Animal viruses have the same basic replication pathway as?
Bacteriophages
310
The differences in replication pathways of animals viruses include?
Presence of envelope around some viruses
Eukaryotic nature of animal cells
Lack of cell walls in animal cells
311
Animal viruses have what type of attraction?
Chemical
312
Animal viruses do not have?
Tails or Tail Fibers
313
Animal viruses have what that mediate attachment
Glycoprotein Spikes
| Other Attachment Molecules
314
What are the 3 mechanisms of entry into animal viruses?
Direct Penetration
Membrane Fusion
Endocytosis
315
Membrane fusion fuses with?
Host cell membrane
316
With endocytosis, brings solid into cell and engulfs the?
Entire Virus
317
The process of budding in enveloped viruses, has no?
Lysis
318
What is it called when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?
Latent virus or Provirus
319
Latent viruses may be prolonged for?
Years with no viral activity
320
Some latent viruses do not become incorporated in the?
Host's Chomrosome
321
Incorporation of provirus into host DNA is?
Permanent
322
Culturing viruses in the lab in mature organisms include
Bacteria
| Plants and Animals
323
Culturing viruses in lab in embryonated chicken eggs is?
Inexpensive
324
In embryonated chicken eggs, they are free of contaminated microbes and contain a?
Nourishing Yolk
325
Embryonated chicken eggs are among the?
Largest
326
Culturing a virus in lab in cell culture, consists of cells isolated from an organism and grown on a?
Medium or in broth
327
What are proteinaceous infectious agents that lack nucleic acids?
Prions
328
What are made by all mammals and is the normal structure with alpha helices?
Cellular PrP protein
329
What is a disease causing form with Beta sheets?
Prion PrP
330
Prion PrP converts Cellular PrP into Prion PrP by inducing?
Conformational Change
331
Prions are only destroyed by?
Incineration
| Autoclaving in sodium hydroxide
332
The expression of prion diseases in most predominant in ?
Nervous System
333
With prion diseases, large vacuoles form in the brain and have a what appearance?
Spongy
334
Spongiform encephalopathies include?
BSE
vCJD
Kuru
335
Prions composed of different proteins may lie behind other muscular and neuronal degenerative diseases including?
Alzheimers disease
Parkinson's Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
336
Aedes Albopictus causes what emerging disease?
Chikungunya
337
The use of microorganisms in food production prevents?
Food Spoilage
| Food related illnesses
338
Any desirable change that occurs to a food or beverage as a result of microbial growth is called?
Fermentation
339
Many common products result from fermentation of?
vegetables
meats
dairy products
340
Starter cultures are used in?
Commercial food and beverage production
341
Starter cultures are composed of known microorganisms that consistently perform specific?
Fermemtation
342
Adverse changes to a food due to the action of microorganisms is called?
Spoilage
343
Undesirable metabolic reactions, growth of pathogens and the presence of unwanted microorganisms in food is due to?
Spoilage
344
What are some common fermented foods?
```
Grain
Vegetable
Beans
Fruit
Dairy
Honey
```
345
The acid produced by bacteria during fermentation curdles?
Milk
346
Curds are separated by from the whey and provide the base of?
Cheese
347
Whats due to consumption of spoiled foods or foods containing harmful microbes or their products?
Foodborne Illness
348
Symptoms of food borne illnesses include?
```
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Fever
Fatigue
Muscle Cramps
```
349
What are the 2 categories of food poisoning?
Food infection
| Food Intoxication
350
Food infections is due to consumption of?
Living Microorganism
351
Food intoxication is due to consumption of?
Microbial toxin rather than the microbe
352
1 in 6 americans get?
Food borne illness every year
353
Where do food borne illnesses come from?
MC--> Food Service Industry
2. Home preparation
3. Unknown
354
Physical water pollution is the presence of?
Particulate Matter
355
Chemical water pollution is the presence of?
Inorganic or Organic Compounds
356
Biological water pollution is due to too many or not native?
Microorganisms
357
Polluted waters supports a greater than normal?
Microbial Load
358
Consuming contaminated water can cause various diseases such as?
Diarrheal Diseases (worldwide)
359
Waterborne diseases are rare in?
US
360
Water treatment removes most?
Water borne pathogens
361
What virus affects people living in close quarters and is due to poor personal hygiene?
Norovirus Gastroenteritis
362
What is water that considered safe to drink?
Portable water
363
Water is not devoid of microorganisms and chemicals, but levels are low enough that it is not a?
Health Concern
364
The presence of what in water indicates fecal contamination?
Coliforms
365
Presence of coliforms increases the likelihood that what's present?
Disease-causing microbes
366
Treatment of drinking water involves what four stages?
1. Coagulation and Flocculation
2. Sedimentation
3. Filtration
4. Disinfection
367
Sedimentation removes?
Large and Particulate materials
368
Filtration removes microbes by 3 methods such as?
1. Sand Filtration
2. Activated Charcoal
3. Membrane filtration
369
Inactivation of remaining microbes is removed by disinfection including?
Chlorine
Ozone
UV Light
370
What does remediate mean?
To solve a problem
371
to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater is known as?
Bio-remediate
372
Bio-remediation uses organisms to clean up toxic, hazardous or recalcitrant compounds by?
Degrading them to harmless compounds
373
What uses microbes or their toxins to terrorize human populations?
Bioterrorism
374
What uses microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying the food supply?
Agroterrorism
375
What are the criteria for assessing biological threats to humans?
1. Public Health impact
2. Delivery potential
3. Public perception
4. Public Health preparedness
376
Public health impact depends on the ability of hospitals and clinic to?
Handle the casualties
377
Delivery potential means how easy the agent can be introduced into the?
Population
378
Public perception is the effect of public fear on the ability to control an?
Outbreak
379
Public health preparedness is associated with existing?
Response Measures
380
Biosafety level one handles the pathogens that?
Do not cause disease in healthy humans
381
Biosafety level two handles?
Moderately hazardous agents
382
Biosafety level three handles microbes in?
Safety Cabinets
383
Biosafety level 3 may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after?
Inhalation
384
Biosafety level four handles microbes that cause?
Severe or Fatal diseases
385
Traits of various agents could be combined to create novel agents and no immunity would?
Exist in the population
386
Terrorist theoretically could make their own?
Microbes
387
Genetic technology in bioterrorism could be used to?
Thwart Bioterrorism
388
Scientist can identify unique sequences that may aid in tracking biological agents and determining their?
Source
389
Genetic techniques could help develop?
Vaccines
Treatments
Pathogen-resistant crops
390
Normal Microbiota is also called?
Normal flora
| Indigenous Microbiota
391
Organisms that colonize the body's surfaces without normally causing disease is called?
Normal Microbiota
392
What remains part of normal microbiota of a person for life?
Resident Microbiota
393
What remains in the body for few hours, days, months before disappearing?
Transient Microbiota
394
What are the sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonize by normal flora?
Axenic
395
If microbes colonize in which areas, they are considered to be abnormal?
```
Alveoli of Lungs
CNS
Circulatory system
Upper urogential regions
Uterus
```
396
In the uterus there is no exposure to?
Microbiota (Axenic)
397
Normal microbiota begins to develop during?
Birth Process
398
During the birthing process what happens for the baby to develop normal microbiota?
Mouth and nose through birth canal
first breath
handling by staff and family
399
Most of ones resident microbiota is established during?
1st month of life
